The construction of buildings or structures requires mandatory compliance with all building codes and regulations. Many of them relate to the strength indicators of elements of buildings and structures under construction.

Currently, many technologies have been developed to help increase the strength of almost all structural elements of buildings.
Didn't stand aside either. Many will say that there is nothing stronger and better than good mortar or concrete, but this is not true. Brickwork can be even stronger if certain elements are added to its design.
It can be reinforced.

Types of reinforcement

Reinforcement of brickwork can be:

• transverse;
• vertical;
• longitudinal.

For transverse reinforcement, individual rods or steel mesh are used. Steel rods prevent tensile and bending deformations.
The rods are connected into a mesh by welding or knitting wire. The connection is made in increments of 30-120 mm. In adjacent seams, instead of meshes, it is unacceptable to lay individual rods perpendicularly.

A mesh made from large diameter reinforcement leads to a decrease in strength, increasing the thickness of the horizontal seams.

Reinforcement of walls, pillars and piers is made with welded masonry mesh, which can have a zigzag, rectangular or square shape.
To prevent the corrosion process, the metal mesh must be recessed into the solution by at least 2 mm on each side. The minimum seam thickness will be approximately 14 mm, including about 5 mm for the mesh.

The mesh is laid in every fifth row of masonry. If the brick is larger than the standard size, then it needs to be reinforced with a rectangular mesh in every fourth row.

The production of zigzag reinforcement is carried out only at the construction site. It all looks like wire rod with a diameter of 5-15 mm, bent every 5-10 cm. It cannot be reinforced with large-diameter zigzag wire, since the seam will be too wide.

Laying of zigzag reinforcement is also carried out every fifth row. It is laid in pairs and at right angles to the two previous rows. This method of reinforcing masonry is quite simple, and the cost of money will be minimal. Well suited for private homes. The laying of lintels and other similar elements is carried out together with transverse reinforcement, which has the form of straight rods.

Reinforced brickwork walls

In seismically active areas, the walls of structures are strengthened using vertical and longitudinal reinforcement methods. This reinforcement is used to absorb tensile deformations during the construction of thin walls, pillars and partitions.

The meshes are placed with a projection beyond the inner surface of the wall by 2-3 mm. This serves as a kind of guide for the location of reinforcement in the masonry.

There are two types of longitudinal reinforcement: internal and external. For external reinforcement, the pitch of the clamps should not exceed 15 diameters of the reinforcement used. In the case of internal reinforcement of brickwork, this step should be 25 diameters. It is very important to follow this rule; the strength of the entire wall depends on it.

The longitudinal method of reinforcing a brick wall can be done with class AI and AII reinforcement. In this case, the amount of solution (thickness) will directly depend on the humidity level. At moderate humidity, the layer thickness does not exceed 10-12 mm. High humidity requires laying on a layer of mortar having a thickness of 20-30 mm.

To reinforce brickwork walls in vertical planes, class AI and VI reinforcement with a diameter of 3-8 mm is used.

There is also an alternative to reinforcing mesh - a modern reinforcing material called TsPVS mesh. Such meshes, with high levels of strength and reliability, are much lighter than reinforcement meshes and more convenient to install.

In ordinary masonry, the wall is often reinforced with straight reinforcement. Several reinforcement bars are laid along the width of the wall and implanted 15-20 cm into the masonry, thereby strengthening the lintel and evenly distributing the loads exerted by the brick on the opening. The wire is laid every 2-3 rows, depending on the pressure exerted on the lintel. The diameter of direct reinforcement depends on the masonry joint (its thickness). You need to know that the opening or lintel should not exceed 2 m in length.

Reinforcement of brick pillars

Laying pillars has two options:

• under load-bearing structures. The function of the pillars is a support that can withstand loads with a small base area of ​​the pillar resting on the foundation. Such pillars are subject to only vertical loads;
• fence posts. The designs of such pillars are divided into two types: for gates and wickets and as separate sections.

Must necessarily include elements that strengthen their structure (reinforcement mesh or steel rods).

For additional strength, a reinforcement cage or metal pole is installed in the foundation of the pillars. The pipe or frame will be located inside the pillar, that is, the masonry is carried out around it. It is unacceptable to build empty structures. The strength of hollow pillars is very low; this will subsequently negatively affect the entire structure.

To strengthen the structure, reinforcing mesh is also laid in individual rows. If the pillar is in contact with a brick wall, then it is advisable to lay steel rods inside it.

Reinforcing brickwork is a fairly simple process, but it is mandatory. Reinforcement does not require any special knowledge, but plays a vital role in the durability and reliability of the structure. To avoid mistakes and avoid further problems, it is better to seek advice from specialists. The cost of this is minimal compared to the possible costs of restoring the wall. When selecting reinforcement, it is necessary to take into account all the nuances and subtleties of its purpose and comply with all norms and rules related to reinforcement.

According to building codes, in a number of cases it is necessary to further strengthen the brickwork. This is done when the loads are increased or shifted and are applied to the wall not along the main axes, and there are also unsystematic loads, such as deformation and instability of the soil, earthquakes. You can strengthen a brick wall or column using reinforcement. In this case, the following methods are distinguished:

• transverse;
• longitudinal;
• vertical reinforcement.

Reinforcement involves the use of additional material in the form of long rods or mesh, which are laid between rows of bricks in a layer of mortar. Thus, in addition to the binding of the brick, its strength and the strength of the mortar, various stresses and loads will also be counteracted by the elasticity of the reinforcing composition.

By default, reinforcement involves the use of metal wire in the form of rods or mesh with a diameter of 5 to 8 mm. Recently, it has become increasingly common to see the use of polyethylene or PVC mesh for reinforcement. In any case, the choice of material, installation method and all other construction parameters is the task of the designer, who carries out everything in accordance with GOSTs and SNiPs.

All technology for constructing brick walls.

About the technology of jointing brickwork.

Transverse reinforcement

For transverse reinforcement, a mesh is laid between the rows, welded or knitted from rods with special wire. The rods themselves are selected by diameter ranging from 5 to 8 mm, which is selected based on calculations in accordance with SNiP II-22-81. Reinforcement is not performed on every row, but, for example, every 2-5 rows.

When choosing a row, the height of each row and the required strength of the wall after construction are taken into account, taking into account all loads and their displacement relative to the central axis of the wall strength. If instead of a mesh, wire laid in a zigzag is used, then the reinforcement is always performed in two adjacent rows with the wire laid perpendicular to each other.

When reinforcing brickwork, a mortar of a grade of at least 50 is used for mesh reinforcement. The mesh must be laid on top of the bricks of the row so that its edges protrude beyond the masonry on all sides by at least 5 mm. This way you can control the presence of reinforcement in the masonry and, in some cases, use these protrusions to secure the outer layers of finishing. The reinforcing material must be covered on all sides with a solution at least 2 mm thick to protect against corrosion.

Longitudinal reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement is often used to strengthen partitions and brick walls, to increase their strength against bending and lateral loads. In this case, the reinforcement is located along the masonry to strengthen the longitudinal joints. Such reinforcement can take place both inside and outside the masonry. In any case, the reinforcement elements are secured to each other by welding and are additionally stitched to the brickwork using transverse rods and anchors.

Vertical reinforcement

Often, to strengthen columns made of brick, it is not possible to place reinforcement inside or for external reinforcement it is necessary to increase the size of the column.

Often, to strengthen columns made of brick, it is not possible to place reinforcement inside or for external reinforcement it is necessary to increase the size of the column.

In order not to deviate from the specified dimensions, vertical reinforcement is used using corners located at the corners of the column and welded together by transverse bridges. In this case, the reinforcement will not only strengthen the masonry itself, but also take over part of the loads carried by the structure. This method of reinforcement is also applicable to walls.

In the case of internal reinforcement, rods are inserted vertically inside hollow building blocks and filled with concrete mortar.

Reinforcement of brickwork is an important and responsible process, therefore, before starting work, the following is calculated: the required diameter of the reinforcing bars, the load of the building, the step with which the bars are laid, and so on. Only well-designed rods will become reliable and the walls will be built strong.

When reinforcement of brickwork is required:

• When there are large loads on the walls, for example, if a multi-story building is being built, then the lower part of the building can withstand the loads (from the upper floors, floor slabs, finishing materials, flights of stairs, roof structure), and reinforcement is used for this.
• If the building is erected on soils that are capable of shrinking. In such cases, the building will sag unevenly and the walls will crack. To correctly unite the entire building, you need to correctly lay out the reinforcement frame.
• Reinforcement is carried out when the quality of the brick or mortar is insufficient, thus insufficiently high-quality wall materials are compensated (crushed brick, inappropriate brand of mortar, unevenness of the masonry itself).
• In areas where there is a seismic hazard, most often, for such buildings, a longitudinal reinforcement frame is used or several methods of strengthening buildings at the same time; only with proper reinforcement will the building withstand dangerous moments.

The rationale and detailed regulatory requirements are set out in SP 15.13330.2012 Stone and reinforced masonry structures.
If the building is small, then, taking into account its features, the reinforcement is carried out independently. In other cases, it is recommended to use the services of builders or designers. They will be able to correctly calculate the amount of reinforcement and the construction will proceed correctly.

Types of brickwork reinforcement

When choosing the right type of reinforcement for brickwork, the following are taken into account: the method of laying, the load-bearing capacity of brick walls, the type of ligation of bricks, the distance through which the reinforcement is carried out and other features. The main thing is to know how much load the wall can withstand.

Reinforcement of brickwork occurs using reinforcing mesh. The grid, relative to the masonry, is located:

• Longitudinal.
• Transverse.
• Vertical.

What is fittings?

Reinforcement occurs using long reinforcement rods or a special mesh. The mesh or rods are made of metal wire. But modern reinforcing bars are made of PVC or polyethylene.

For such purposes, a rod with a diameter of 3-8 millimeters is suitable. When constructing small buildings, rods 3-4 millimeters thick are used. But if you decide to use reinforcement with a diameter of 6-8 millimeters, then it is not recommended to knit a mesh from it; the mesh at the joints is thicker, which means the thickness of the seam will also increase. It is best to lay it in a zigzag.

The rods can be located at a distance of 40-100 millimeters from each other. Thus, the grid will have cells from 40x40 to 100x100 millimeters.

The mesh is laid every 3-5 rows. The frequency of laying the mesh depends on the required strength of the wall; for heavy loads, reinforcement can be laid in 1 row. But builders do not recommend laying reinforcement mesh less often than every 5 rows; in this case, the capacity of the reinforcement is greatly reduced and the reinforcement does not proceed correctly.

The reinforcing mesh can be made independently, directly on the construction site. Or you can purchase a ready-made mesh. It is a connection of reinforcement rods at the same distance from each other. The connection occurs by welding. If the mesh will be assembled at a construction site, then experts recommend not using welded joints due to the possibility of corrosion; it is better to use binding wire.

A reinforcing rod made of ferrous metal must be painted. If this is not done, the metal will become corroded and the wire will not be strong. This means that the reinforcement will not perform its main function - strengthening the masonry.

The order of laying the rods

Instead of a mesh, wire laid in a zigzag pattern can be used. The wire should be located in adjacent rows, and in relation to each other, they should be perpendicular.

The reinforcement should protrude from the masonry by no less than 5 millimeters; you can leave a larger protrusion, because the protruding wire can later be used to secure layers of finishing, for example, plaster. Using the grids protruding from the rows, you can control whether the grid is laid everywhere.

The reinforcing wire is laid on a layer of mortar, at least 2 millimeters both above and below. This technique is necessary to protect the reinforcement from corrosion during operation, which means that the walls will be strong and reliable throughout their entire service life.

Materials for the manufacture of reinforcing mesh:

• Reinforcing wire (of required thickness).
• Knitting wire.
• Hook for knitting reinforcement.

Everything is done very simply. First you need to measure the length of the transverse and longitudinal bars of the reinforcing frame. The length of the cross rods should be slightly greater than the thickness of the brickwork. Then you need to cut the rods to the measured length. Then all that remains is to tie the twigs together; this is easy to do using a special crochet hook.

Vertical reinforcement of brickwork

For vertical reinforcement, rods of various lengths are used. The peculiarity of this type of reinforcement is that the masonry is carried out taking into account the installation of rods. The masonry should have voids in several rows, into which reinforcement is inserted and subsequently filled with a binding solution. Most often, this method is used to strengthen the structure of brick pillars and columns. This technique allows you to make the column strong without increasing its size. Vertical reinforcement of brickwork can be internal or external:

• External reinforcement consists of installing rods on the outside of the column and covering it with concrete mortar. A mesh is also used here; it will strengthen the area of ​​the entire wall.
• When internally reinforcing a fortification, rods are inserted into the column cavity and filled with mortar. Special reinforcing corners are also used and they need to be inserted as the pillar or wall corners are laid out.

The wire diameter for vertical reinforcement is usually 10-15 millimeters. But if the building is supposed to be built large and heavy, then reinforcement with a diameter of 30 millimeters is used. How much reinforcement to use is decided individually for each building.

In what places is the brickwork reinforced?

1. When constructing tall buildings, it is recommended to reinforce the lower chord of the structure with a large amount of reinforcement.
2. Pillars and columns are reinforced if they do not have sufficient thickness. They are used as additional supports.
3. Doorways are additionally reinforced in two rows above the openings.
4. In window openings, the reinforcing structure is laid in two rows above and below the opening.
5. In places where a new building joins an already constructed one, a reinforcing belt connects both parts of the building.
6. If the brickwork is carried out without bandaging the seams, the mesh, in this case, is laid in every third row.

Longitudinal type of brickwork reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement of brickwork is used to strengthen walls against lateral loads and bending. In this case, rods are placed in the longitudinal joints of the masonry; masonry mesh is less often used.

The distance between the rods is calculated based on the location of the rods. When located externally, the pitch of the rods should not exceed the diameter of the reinforcement by more than 15 times. And if the rods are located inside the wall structure, then the distance between them should not exceed the diameter of the reinforcement by 25 times.

Longitudinal reinforcement is used in the masonry of walls and partitions.

Reinforcement elements are located inside and outside the structure. The individual rods are connected to each other by welding. If welding is not used, then the ends of the rods are bent in the form of a hook and tied with knitting wire. In this case, the rods form a kind of mesh.

The advantage of the external method is that reinforcement is possible after laying part of the walls.

Transverse type of brickwork reinforcement

Transverse reinforcement of brickwork is used for laying walls, partitions, and columns. Effectively, this method of reinforcement works in bending and compression. And this is important when building inclined structures, for example, arched types of walls.

Transverse reinforcement occurs by laying a grid of rods in rows. The rods are welded or tied together with knitting wire themselves.

In modern construction, exhaust and perforated meshes are increasingly used to reinforce brick walls. They replace reinforcement in the form of zigzags and surpass it in strength. In addition, the grids are easy to use.

The construction of houses and other brick objects should be carried out only in accordance with SNiPs. Most of the rules concern the strength of the structures being built. Craftsmen know a lot of ways that help improve the strength of almost any part of a structure. The same can be said about laying brick walls.

Some might assume that the strongest coupling is cement. However, there are ways to make brickwork even stronger by incorporating special features. To make the structure of their brick stronger, it should be reinforced with reinforcement.

There are several types of reinforcement for brick walls: transverse, vertical and longitudinal. The first type involves the use of simple metal rods or mesh. The bars help prevent the stone from splitting during loads that try to bend or stretch it.

The rods can be combined into a single lattice using a welding machine or wire. The mesh width should be from 30 to 120 mm. In adjacent seams, the mesh cannot be replaced with separate rods, which are laid at an angle of 90 degrees to each other.

If the reinforcing grid is made of very large bars, this will cause a decrease in the strength of the masonry due to the greater thickness of the inter-row seams. Reinforcement of walls and any other structures is carried out using a mesh assembled for welding. It can be in the form of squares, rectangles or wavy shapes.

To prevent the metal from being destroyed by rust, it must be completely immersed in cement mortar to a depth of at least 2 mm on all sides. The seam will have a thickness of at least 14 mm, of which 5 mm will be reinforcement.

Walls and partitions must be reinforced in every 5th row of brickwork. If one-and-a-half or double bricks are used, then the procedure is repeated in every 4th row. Wave-like bends are given to the reinforcement directly at the construction site. To do this, reinforcement with a thickness of 5 to 15 mm is bent every 5 or 10 cm. It is unacceptable to use reinforcement with a large diameter, because this will entail an increase in the thickness of the inter-row seam.

Walls are reinforced with wavy wire in every 5th row. It should be laid in pairs perpendicular to the previous 2 rows. They try not to allow the distance between the bars in the mesh to exceed 120 mm. This is one of the most accessible methods: it is easy to perform and requires minimal financial costs. It is often used in individual construction of cottages and houses. Lintels and similar structures are laid out of brick using transverse even rods.

Reinforcement of brick walls and partitions

In places of increased seismic hazard, the walls of houses need to be strengthened using the following methods: vertical and longitudinal. This solution is used to absorb forces trying to stretch small walls, partitions and pillars.

The metal lattice should protrude from the masonry on the inside of the partition by a couple of millimeters. This is necessary in order to navigate in rows with reinforcement.

Longitudinal reinforcement of brick masonry exists in two varieties:

Longitudinal reinforcement of walls and partitions is performed with AI or AII reinforcement. In this case, the thickness of the masonry joint will depend on air humidity. When it is not high, it will be within 1.2 cm. If the humidity is high, then the bricks need to be laid on a layer about 2-3 cm thick.

To reinforce walls and partitions in the vertical plane, reinforcement of class AI or BI, with a thickness of 3 to 8 mm, is used. A modern alternative to metal mesh for masonry has been created, which is called TsPVS. Their strength and reliability are at a high level, but they are light in weight and easy to operate.

Straight bars of reinforcement are laid in ordinary masonry walls. Some of the reinforcing bars are placed along the entire wall and inserted into it to a depth of 15 to 20 cm. This helps strengthen the beam, distributing the load from the stone onto the opening.

The reinforcement should be in every second or third row. The choice depends on the load the beam experiences. The size of the rod is selected depending on the thickness of the brickwork joint. The beam and any openings in the wall should not be larger than 2 m.

Reinforcement of brick pillars

Brick pillars can be made in two ways:

1. Bearers. Such pillars serve as a support that can withstand high pressure, having a small base surface. They rest on the foundation of the house and are designed solely to withstand compression.
2. Fence. Even they have varieties: wicket and intermediate. The former are designed to support the weight of the moving gate, while the latter are not.

Laying brick pillars must be done using reinforcing inclusions (mesh or rods). The mesh size should not exceed 120 mm. To provide increased strength to the masonry of the pillar, a steel pillar or a frame made of reinforcement is concreted into their base. The brickwork will cover them on all sides, walling them up.

It is impossible to build pillars with an empty middle, because they have very low strength values. Which in the future will affect the characteristics of the entire structure. To make the pillars even stronger, some rows are reinforced with mesh. If the pillar is located close to the wall, then it is better to connect them using metal rods.

Installation of reinforcement in brick walls and partitions can be done without special skills. However, this process has a very strong impact on the strength and service life of the structure. It is better to consult with professionals regarding the use of fittings.

The strength of brickwork can be increased by reinforcement. The reinforcement placed in the seam allows the load to be distributed over its area. Reinforcement of pillars, partitions, pilasters and other brick structures must be carried out in compliance with regulatory rules. This will guarantee the quality of construction.

Types of reinforcement

The type of reinforcement in brickwork depends on the forces acting on the structure. When the load acts centrally or with a slight deviation from the center of the structure section, transverse (mesh) reinforcement is recommended.

If the load is applied with a sufficiently large shift from the center (eccentricity), then longitudinal reinforcement is necessary. It will ensure the strength of the structure from bending and stretching.

Transverse reinforcement

For transverse (mesh) reinforcement, two types of mesh are used: with rectangular cells of the “zigzag” type. They are laid on a mortar bed in the masonry seam. The distance between rectangular grids is allowed no more than 0.4 m in height. This is approximately five rows of masonry.

a - reinforcement with rectangular meshes; b - reinforcement with zigzag mesh

Zigzag meshes are installed in two adjacent horizontal rows mutually perpendicular to each other. Transverse reinforcement is carried out with the ends of the mesh moved beyond the surface of the masonry by 5 mm in order to control the reinforcement of the structure.

The thickness of the seam is taken to be 4 mm greater than the diameter of the reinforcement used. For reinforced masonry structures, the grade of mortar is taken to be no lower than 50. The percentage of reinforcement in brickwork by volume determines the amount of reinforcement in it:

· μ = V a / V k x 100

For grids with rectangular cells:

· μ = 2f a / cs

Where:

· f a - reinforcement section;

c - cell size;

· s is the height distance between the grids.

For reinforced masonry structures, calculations are made for large loads; for small loads, reinforcement is installed structurally (according to recommendations). The reinforcement percentage (μ) should be between 0.1 and 1%.

Longitudinal reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement takes on the tensile and bending forces that arise in the brickwork. If their values ​​are large, a mandatory calculation is performed. Structurally, such reinforcement is used for thin walls and partitions, high pillars for stability, and also if the structure is subject to vibration.

a - external longitudinal reinforcement; b - external reinforcement in the groove; 1 - clamps; 2 - longitudinal reinforcement

For longitudinal reinforcement, reinforcement is laid both inside and outside the masonry. For the internal placement of reinforcement, grooves are made in the masonry, external reinforcement is made in a layer of mortar, the grade of which is allowed to be no lower than 50, and the grade of brick is not lower than 75.

The longitudinally installed reinforcement is connected to each other with clamps. For external reinforcement, clamps are laid at a distance of no more than:

· 15 rod diameters in a compressible structure (2–3 rows of masonry);

· 80 rod diameters in stretched design (maximum 50 cm).

When the reinforcement is located internally, the clamps are installed at least at a distance equal to 25 diameters of the longitudinal rod.

The protective layer of reinforcement for rooms with normal operation is 10–12 mm. For wet and damp rooms it is increased to 30 mm. The protective layer for clamps is 10 mm.

The pitch between longitudinal rods in walls and partitions should be no more than 8h, where h is the thickness of the wall. The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement in bars compressed under load is allowed less than 0.1%, in tension bars - 0.05%.

Armature

For transverse reinforcement, metal mesh made of cold-drawn wire V-1, BP-1 (B500) with a diameter of more than 3 mm is mainly used. Round reinforcement made of steel class AI (A240) with a diameter of at least 6 mm is also used in meshes, if the rods intersect at the masonry seams, if not, then at least 8 mm.

The wires and rods in the meshes are welded or tied with wire. For rectangular meshes, the cell size is 3–12 cm. Zigzag meshes are made from wire with a diameter of more than 5 mm.

The diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement is:

· more than 3 mm for clamps and stretched rods;

· more than 8 mm for compressed rods.

Rods of class AI (A240), AII (A300) are used as structural longitudinal reinforcement. In most cases, the amount of reinforcement is calculated.

The modern building materials industry produces polymer composite reinforcement, including composite reinforcing mesh. This is a lightweight, high-strength, corrosion-resistant and cheaper material. In many respects, composite reinforcement is superior to metal reinforcement.

For reinforcement, the diameter of composite reinforcement is taken to be smaller than that of steel:

· Ø 6 mm steel - Ø 4 mm composite;

· Ø 10 mm steel - Ø 6 mm composite;

· Ø 12 mm steel - Ø 8 mm composite.

Features of reinforcement of brick building structures

Transverse reinforcement can be used when the grade of brick or mortar cannot be increased to ensure the required strength of the masonry.

Partitions made of 1/4 bricks, in order to increase stability, are reinforced with a steel strip of 1.5–2.5 mm or rod reinforcement with a diameter of less than 6 mm every 6 rows of masonry. When the thickness of the partitions is 1/2 brick and its length is more than 3 m, reinforcement is placed in the horizontal seams every 5–6 rows. In this case, the ends of the reinforcement must be embedded in the main walls.

Sometimes partitions or internal walls are built at different times with adjacent external walls (pillars). In this case, rod reinforcement with a minimum diameter of 6 mm is laid into the structure of the main wall or pillar.

Subsequently, it is embedded in the masonry joints of the partition. The height distance between the rods is allowed to be no more than 2 meters. The same rods are laid at the floor level. The length of reinforcement embedded in walls and partitions is assumed to be a maximum of 1 m.

The reinforcement is also used to install ordinary lintels in brick walls. In this case, high-quality filling of all seams is necessary. The height of the lintel is 5–6 rows of masonry, the length is 50 cm on each side of the opening + the width of the opening.

The construction of the lintel begins with the laying of reinforcing bars with a diameter of 5–6 mm or a steel strip. There should be one rod for every half brick. To the side of the opening, the reinforcement is embedded into the masonry to a minimum of 25 cm.

When joining reinforcing mesh, the amount of overlap is from 15 cm. The choice of brick affects the distance between the mesh and is:

· less than 5 rows for ordinary clay bricks;

· less than 4 rows for thickened bricks;

· less than 3 rows for ceramic stone.

Structural (without calculation) reinforcement with meshes, which are laid less frequently than every 45 cm in height, prevents destruction and delamination of the masonry.

Reinforcement of free-standing pillars can be done using a metal clip, reinforcing bars combined with clamps and a protective layer of concrete or mortar.

a - metal clip; b - reinforced concrete frame; c - reinforced plaster; 1 - metal strip 35x5–60x12; 2 - welding; 3 - rod reinforcement Ø 5–12 mm; 4 - clamps Ø 4–10 mm; 5 - concrete B7.5–B15; 6 - solution grade 50–100

The reinforcement embedded in the brickwork allows the entire structure to work like a monolith. This increases the strength, stability, durability and reliability of the entire building or structure.

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