Acquaintance of kids with the English language is fun and bright: with songs, rhymes, cartoons and a variety of games. The playful form of classes instills in children an interest in the language and allows them to quickly memorize new information. It is very easy to conduct such lessons when learning the alphabet, sounds or popular words. But how to explain to a child complex rules readings that not every adult will understand the first time? Yes Easy! Our material about English letter combinations will teach English for children in an accessible and interesting way. Today we will study the basic combinations of English letters with kids, but first, we will explain to adults when to start learning the rules of reading with children.

Only a lazy person didn’t joke about the differences in spelling and pronunciation of English words, so it is widely known that reading is one of the pitfalls of British speech. Yes, in Russian we also often write differently than we pronounce. But, as a rule, this is an error of one letter and does not change the meaning of the word. But the grammar of the English language in terms of reading is much more difficult, because here it should be borne in mind that:

• There are 44 sounds for 26 letters of the alphabet;
• The pronunciation of some letters depends on the type of syllable;
• There are "dumb" syllables;
• Combinations of letters are often used (diphthongs, triphthongs);
• The duration of the sound affects the meaning of the word.

All these nuances led to the development of special reading rules, but not all words obey them! Many English expressions have entered speech use with "wrong" pronunciation and are considered exceptions to the rule.

In such a confusion, not all adults are able to understand, and even more so for children. Therefore, we would recommend starting to practice English reading with a child not earlier than 7-8 years old. During this period, children already go to school, become more disciplined and begin to understand the importance of knowledge. At the same time, the reading rules in English are quite complex topic so it needs to be learned gradually. Here are some tips for class format.

1. Conduct reading lessons at least 2 times a week.
2. Be sure to memorize the correct transcription of the pronunciations.
3. During the lesson, master 3-4 rules with the baby, carefully fixing them in practice. For example, we studied the pronunciation of a letter in an open syllable - read 10-15 words for this rule. In the next lesson, be sure to conduct a repetition of what was previously learned.
4. Memorizing letter combinations is best supported by a letter. It is recommended to conduct a written dictation every 2 weeks (letter / combination - pronunciation).
5. Encourage your child to read short texts and dialogues. Entertaining mini-stories will increase interest in classes and help to consolidate the knowledge gained.

Now, after a little theory, it's time to move on to practice. Let's consider the rules of reading in English and work them out using examples. Note that the material is largely simplified, since in this article we study English letter combinations in the English for children format. Let's get started!

English reading rules for children

There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. Surely, you already know how they are spelled and how they are pronounced. But did you know that pronunciation can change when we put letters into different words? For example, in the word sk y (sky - sky) the last letter is read as “ ah", And in the word famil y (family - family) same last letter y already reads as “ and". So how do you read English words then? In order not to be mistaken, we just need to learn special English rules and get acquainted with the options for the sound of letters.

Open syllable rule

An open syllable is the syllable of a word that ends with a vowel. We remind you that any syllable must necessarily contain a vowel sound and cannot consist of one letter.

For example, let's analyze the word cake by syllables (cake is a cake):

1. Take the first letter C.
2. Add vowel A.
3. 2 letters K and E remain, but the last E cannot be read, so a new syllable cannot be made with it. It turns out that the whole given word is one syllable cake.
4. Even though E cannot be read, it is still a vowel. Therefore, we have an example of an open syllable. And in this case, the letter A reads "hey".

So, if the last letter of a syllable is a vowel, then it is an open syllable. In this case, the vowel is taken into account even in those cases when it is not pronounced.

Closed syllable rule

A closed syllable is a syllable ending in a consonant.

Let's analyze the word cat (cat - cat): take the first letter C, add the vowel A. One remaining letter T cannot be a separate syllable, so it belongs to the first syllable, and again our whole word consists of one syllable cat. This syllable ends with a consonant letter, which means it is closed and here the rule of reading the letter A as "e" applies.

Note, if we pronounced the word cat like "Kate", we would have already got not a cat, but female name Kate. Therefore, it is very important to learn how to correctly distinguish between open and closed syllables. Now let's find out what other letters change their sound in different words NS.

Vowels

This table explains the English vowel sounds for children.

Consonants

And with the help of this tablet, the child can easily understand the difference in reading English vowels.

English letter combinations (English for children) in tables

Also in the English language combinations of letters are very common, each of which is read in a special way. Below is a table with common letter groups. These combinations need to be memorized, and then reading English letter combinations will become easier for you. And to better memorize the letters, read the words in the examples and try to draw small pictures from them.

Vowels

* In cases where the table offers different options, they are listed in priority order.

Consonants

Good luck in learning the language and see you soon!

How to pronounce English words meat, heat? Stretching lips in a smile:
/ miːt / - mea t (meat)
hiːt / - hea t (heat, heat, ardor)

Let's not stretch the lips, we get a short / i /:
/hit /- hit (hit, hit, hit).

Stretch-stretch lips:
ea t - yes
tea - tea
mea n - mean
bea t - beat, win, hit

English beat something like Russian beat! Just stretch your lips to "and" and "t" to pronounce firmly, here's your English beat / bi: t /. Same pronounced bleat:
blea t - bleat, hum.

A sheep bleats: b-a-a. - The sheep bleats: be-e-e.

Animals make the same sounds: whether in a Russian field, or in an English meadow, but we hear them differently. The Russian ear hears: bee, English: baa.

Examples with -ea: pulling lips

I would like a cup of tea, plea se. - I'd like a cup of tea, please.
In the hea t of the night you lose control. “In the heat of the night, you lose control. from the song
Did you see the movie In the Hea t of the Night? - Have you seen the movie Midnight Heat?

The -ee combination is pronounced the same as -ea: / i: /.
feel - to feel
meet - to meet
sheep - sheep
see - to see
teeth - teeth
feet - legs

Why does a shee p blea t? - Why does the lamb bleat?
What does that mea n? - What does it mean?
She doesn "t ea t mea t. - She doesn't eat meat.

I mee t him at the candy store every morning. - I meet him at the pastry shop every morning.
I want to have white tee th. - I want my teeth to be white.
My fee t are always cold. - I always have cold feet.
How do you fee l about it? - How do you feel about this?

Two different words meat(meat) and meet ( meet) are pronounced the same: / miːt /. How to distinguish? In the context.

English becomes a little closer when the pronunciation of -ea and -ee is mastered.
But this is not the whole truth: sometimes -ea is read as / e /.

- Why such confusion ?! - everyone who learns English from scratch reacts warmly. - Where does this different pronunciation of the same vowels come from?
- The history of English was not simple, it was formed under the strongest influence of other languages.
- What languages ​​have influenced English so strongly and badly?
Experts talk about the Great Vowel Shift when it changed pronunciation of English letters, but not all, hence the inconsistency. We just have to learn the resulting pronunciation.

Pronunciation requires increased articulation. This helps the organs of speech remember new movements. As soon as the lips and tongue get used to the new movements, the brain also ceases to resist, we begin to understand speech better. In normal speech, increased articulation will give way to a smooth, natural one.

Dear Readers! So, I think that you are already familiar with my method of teaching reading in English and pronunciation at the same time. This technique is based on teaching reading from sound to letter. And today our regular subscribers are waiting for the sixth lesson, in which we will learn to pronounce the English vowel sound based on the pronunciation of the sound [Ʌ] (see table).

So, from lesson number 6 you will learn:

• how to pronounce the sound combined with learned consonants p, t, k, h, l, m, n, b, d, g;
• how is a vowel read at the end of a word y;
• what is the third type of syllable in English.

In English there is 4 types of syllables: first (open) and second (closed), third and fourth... In the previous lessons, you learned what is the second (closed) type of syllable. And now you will find out what it is third type of syllable.

So, the third type of syllable: this is a combination vowel and consonant r, that is:

ar, or, er, ir, ur

Now we have to study how all these five letter combinations are pronounced:

Let's start in order: ar pronounced like .

It is very important to learn pronounce correctly, because there is no such sound in Russian. This sound is tense and long, it sounds like the sound "aaaa" that the patient makes when he shows his throat to the doctor.

The main thing when pronouncing- take the root of the tongue back and down as much as possible. by the way, this is exactly what you need to do for the doctor to see your larynx. Open your mouth wide enough (see the table below), as well as when pronouncing sounds [æ], [ʌ]

Hear how the sound is pronounced ->

I remind you that in writing this sound is conveyed by a combination of letters a and r

a + r = ar

Another rule to remember. In two-syllable words (we will talk about them in more detail in the next lesson number 8) an unstressed vowel y reads like [i].

EXAMPLE party [`pa: ti]

Phonetic exercises with audio recording (closed content no.19)

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Train your vowel sounds [ʌ] and ... Try! Mispronunciation can lead to misunderstandings. So the word bun translated as bun, a barn - barn.

Transcription and reading rules in English are two closely related concepts. Reading rules explain how letters and letter combinations are pronounced in different cases, and with the help of transcription we record and read the sounds of speech.

Reading rules can be confusing for a beginner. There are many of them, they are confusing, and there are more exceptions than the rules themselves. In fact, these rules are so scary only if you deeply understand them and try to memorize them along with exceptions. In fact, everything is much simpler: reading rules do not need to be memorized.

Studying English, you will constantly be something, and soon you will learn to correlate letters and sounds without hesitation, automatically. Don't worry about exceptions either. Usually the pronunciation, spelling and meaning of a word are memorized as one whole - you just know that such and such a word is pronounced that way.

Feature of English phonetics: we write "Manchester" - we read "Liverpool"

The phonetics of the English language has a noticeable feature: words are often read differently than they are written, that is, by the spelling of a word, it is not always possible to guess how it is pronounced. As linguists joke: “We write“ Manchester ”, and we read“ Liverpool ”."

In the history of many languages, the following pattern can be traced: the phonetic structure becomes more complicated, but the letters and spelling remain the same or change with a great delay. English is no exception. At the dawn of its development, words were read and pronounced more or less similarly, but over time this discrepancy became more and more, the situation was aggravated by the variety of dialects, and now we are already in words though, thought and through we read a combination of letters - ough completely differently, although the words themselves differ by one letter.

No one is in a hurry to reform the English spelling, there are many reasons for this. For example, the English language has not had a single "control center" for a long time. The reforms initiated in London could be coolly accepted in Sydney and rejected in Washington. Anyway, spelling reform is always a painful process that meets with resistance among a significant part of native speakers. It's much easier to leave it as it is.

What is transcription and why is it needed?

Transcription in English is the recording of speech sounds using special characters. She should not be afraid or avoided, because she is a very good assistant in learning the language, which will be great to save time and help to avoid mistakes. One glance at the transcription of an English word is enough for you to understand how it is read correctly.

When you memorize or write out a new word that appears in the text, you must definitely look at its transcription and / or listen to the pronunciation (for example, in), otherwise you may remember it incorrectly, and then they will not understand you.

Can English words be written in Russian letters?

Sometimes on websites or even in books you can see “English transcription in Russian” or “pronunciation of English words in Russian letters” - that is, the recording of English words in Russian letters. Like, why learn tricky icons if can to convey sounds in Russian letters? Then that it is forbidden... The phonetics of the Russian language differs from the English phonetics so much that the sound can only be conveyed very, very approximately. We simply do not have some sounds of English speech, as well as vice versa.

Transcription and pronunciation of all sounds of the English language separately (video)

With this interesting video table, you can listen to the sound of all sounds separately and see how they are recorded using transcription. Click on play and wait for the video to load completely, then click on the desired sound.

Please note that in the transcription, in addition to the symbols themselves denoting sounds, the following are used:

• Square brackets- traditionally, transcription is always written in [square brackets]. For example: [z].
• Vowel length icon- in English, vowels can be long and short, longitude is indicated by a colon after the vowel. For example: .
• Accent icon- if a word is transcribed in which there is more than one syllable, stress must be indicated with an apostrophe (comma at the top). It is placed before the stressed syllable. For example: - decision.

In total, 44 sounds are distinguished in English, which, like in Russian, are divided into consonants and vowels. Among them there are both sounds similar to Russian, for example: [b] - [b], [n] - [n], and sounds that have no analogues in Russian: [ ð ], [θ ].

In English phonetics, there are no such concepts as softness / hardness of consonants, but there is a vowel length (not characteristic of the Russian language) - vowels can be short [a] and long. It should also be noted that vowel sounds in English can be:

• single (monophthongs): [ i: ], [ e ],
• consisting of two sounds (diphtogni): [ ai ], [ ɔi ],
• consisting of three sounds (triphthongs): [ aiə ].

Diphthongs and triftogni are read and perceived as whole sounds.

Table of sounds of the English language with examples and cards

After studying how to pronounce English sounds separately, be sure to listen to how they are read whole words... It is often easier for students to understand and hear the pronunciation of English sounds when they sound as part of a word, rather than separately.

In the tables below, all sounds are given with example words. With the help of electronic flashcards, you can listen to the pronunciation.

How to learn to pronounce English sounds?

There are two approaches:

1. Theoretical- textbooks usually have detailed description how you need to press your tongue to the palate to form a specific sound. With an illustration showing a cross-section of a human head. The method is scientifically correct, but it is difficult to use it on its own: not everyone will understand what it means to “slide the upper teeth along the lower lip” and will be able to crank this action.
2. Practical- listen, watch and repeat. It seems to me that this is much easier. You simply repeat after the announcer, trying to imitate the sound as accurately as possible. Pay attention to articulation, try to repeat all movements of the lips, tongue. Ideally, of course, someone should control, but you can just record yourself on a webcam and look from the outside.

If you want to repeat after the speaker, imitating his speech, I recommend using the materials in Puzzle English, namely the exercises "Video Puzzles", which are aimed at developing listening comprehension. In video puzzles, you can slow down speech and, as in Lingvaleo, watch the translation of words by clicking on them directly in the subtitles.

In video puzzles, you first need to watch the video, and then collect sentences from words.

Detailed overview of this service:

In addition, for practical training, various kind people have filmed many videos available on YouTube. For example, these two videos detail the sounds of English speech in the American and British versions:

British pronunciation

American pronunciation

You should not, having started to study English, strive to achieve the "perfect" pronunciation. Firstly, there are a lot of varieties of pronunciation (the above are like “generalized” British and American variants), and secondly, even native speakers who are proficient in speech (for example, actors) often take lessons from special trainers in order to master the features of that or another version of pronunciation - working out the speech is not an easy task.

Just try to speak so that 1) it is clear, 2) does not hurt your ear.

Reading rules in English: table and cards

Reading rules in English are, rather, not even rules, but generalized recommendations that are not very precise. Not only can, say, the letter "o" in different combinations and types of syllables be read in nine different ways, there are also exceptions. For example, in the words food, too, it reads as, and in the words good, look - as [u]. There is no pattern here, you just need to remember it.

If you look in different books, it turns out that reading rules, and phonetics in general, can be told differently by different authors with varying degrees of immersion in details. I think that there is no point in delving into the jungle of phonetic science (you can dive there indefinitely), but the easiest way is to take as a basis the most simplified version of the reading rules, that is reading rules in English for children.

For this article, I took as a basis the rules given in the textbook “English. 1 - 4 classes in diagrams and tables ”N. Vakulenko. Believe me, this is more than enough for both children and adults!

What are open and closed syllables?

In English, an open syllable and a closed one are distinguished, it also matters whether it ends with the letter "r" and whether it is stressed.

A syllable is called open if:

• the syllable ends in a vowel and is the last in the word,
• a vowel is followed by another vowel,
• a vowel is followed by a consonant, followed by one or more vowels.

A closed syllable if:

• it is the last in the word, while it ends in a consonant,
• the vowel is followed by two or more consonants.

In these cards and the table below them, you can see how different letters are pronounced in different combinations and types of syllables.

The most important reading rules

The table above looks very busy, even intimidating. Several of the most important rules can be distinguished from it, which have almost no exceptions.

Basic rules for reading consonants

• Ph is read as [f]: photo, Morpheus.
• The combination th reads as [ð] or [θ]: think there. These sounds are not in Russian, their pronunciation requires some training. Do not confuse them with the sounds [s], [z].
• The combination ng at the end of the word reads as [ŋ] - this is a nasal (that is, pronounced as if in the nose) version of the sound [n]. A common mistake is to read it like. There is no “g” in this sound. Examples: strong, King Kong, wrong.
• The combination sh reads like [ʃ]: ship, show, shop.
• The letter “c” before i, e, y reads [s]: celebrity, cent, pencil.
• The letter “g” before i, e, y is read as: age, magic, gym.
• The combination ch reads like: match, catch.

Basic rules for reading vowels

• In an open stressed syllable, vowels are usually read as in: no, go, name, face, pupil, he, five. These can be monophthongs and diphthongs.
• In a closed syllable, vowels are read as short monophthongs: nut, got, ten.

How to remember reading rules?

Most people with a good command of English as a foreign language will not be able to immediately name even a few basic rules for reading. rules readings do not need to be memorized, they need to be able to use them. But how can you use what you don't know? As far as possible! Thanks to frequent practice, knowledge is transferred into skills and actions begin to be performed automatically, unconsciously.

To get the reading rules to the automatic stage as quickly as possible, I recommend:

• To study the rules themselves - to read, comprehend, speak out loud examples.
• Practice reading aloud - will help develop pronunciation skills, at the same time, the reading rules will be fixed. Take text with audio, video with subtitles, so that you have something to check with.
• Do small writing - writing practice is beneficial for development vocabulary, consolidate knowledge of grammar and, of course, to improve spelling.

Friends! I am not currently a tutor, but if you need a teacher, I recommend this wonderful site- there are native (and non-native) language teachers for all occasions and for any pocket 🙂 I myself went through more than 80 lessons with the teachers I found there! I advise you to try it too!

Reading 37 min. Published 02.03.

Interrupting the fermentation process at a certain time is required to obtain wine of the required strength, rich, sweet taste. Experienced winemakers advise to slow it down after removing the wine from the lees, before the sealing stage.

After the filtration procedure, more sugar is poured into the drink for flavor. At the same time, the wine begins to ferment again, if you do not interrupt this, the product will turn out to be dry and very strong.

In addition, it is necessary that microorganisms, lactobacilli, yeasts are not activated and do not harm the quality of the finished home product.

Fermentation - important factor to get a quality drink.

Fermentation is the processing of sugars (glucose and fructose) into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, an obligatory biochemical reaction, the basis of winemaking. The yeast that is part of the drink causes a violent reaction during its production. At this time, the taste, aroma, color, and quality of the future wine are laid.

The process begins in the workpiece after 6-12 hours, subject to the observance of the entire technology, several stages are distinguished:

1. Fermentation - yeast begins to multiply in a container with prepared raw materials.
2. Violent - the yeast occupies the entire volume of the liquid, releases alcohol, foam forms on the surface, you can hear the characteristic hiss. Duration - 4-8 days.
3. Quiet - the base of the future wine ferments until all the sugar is processed, the period depends on its content, on average - 20 days, the number of yeast decreases.

After that, the wine is poured into a clean container, tasted, sugar is added to obtain a sweet or semi-sweet drink and put on fermentation. It lasts 30-40 days. During this period, it is required to pay increased attention to the future product for its best quality. Therefore, it is important to know how to interrupt fermentation in young wine.

There are several different ways to stop the fermentation process of a grape hop drink at home.

Drinking young wine in small doses improves metabolism, increases appetite, helps to cope with sleep disturbances, stressful situations. The drink contains many useful substances, this refers to a fully ripened product.

Unfermented wine is only allowed to taste a little to determine the taste, degree of fermentation, strength. Drinking is not recommended until the drink fully withstands all stages of preparation. There are still many fusel oils and other impurities. It can harm the liver, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, and cause allergies.

In almost all home wine recipes, an obligatory stage is the aging of the fermented drink for a certain time in closed bottles. Why? Un aged wine is a healthy and, at the same time, harmful product.

The benefit lies in the vasodilating effect, the ability to stimulate excretion from the body

cholesterol. Young red wine normalizes metabolism, stabilizes the functions of the digestive system, increases appetite. If you drink it in moderate doses, you can cope with insomnia, stress, saturate the body with useful substances, minerals, vitamins. But all this applies to wine drinks that have passed the stage of fermentation completely.

Young, not yet fermented wine can be tasted to determine its strength, add components that improve the taste of the drink. But drinking such alcohol is not recommended. There are too many harmful or even dangerous impurities in unripened wort that can harm health. In addition, the taste of an unripe wine will be disappointing.

There are other reasons why you shouldn't drink unfermented wine. First, the "semi-finished" drink contains substances that destroy liver cells. Drinking young wine, even in small doses, is not recommended for people with poor health, with hepatitis C and other dangerous viral diseases and liver diseases in history.

Secondly, some components contained in non-fermented wine destroy the membranes of mast cells. The histamine released as a result enters the bloodstream, plasma and is carried to the internal organs. An excess of histamine in the body causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, which causes allergic diseases (urticaria, dermatitis).

In a word, no matter how long the fermentation of wort lasts, you need to wait until it ends, even if you really want to drink alcohol. It will be possible to drink bottled wine only when the drink is fully ripe.

Young homemade wine? living substance. Various bacteria and microorganisms live in it, which can completely unexpectedly resume fermenting ability. It would seem that the drink stopped fermenting, and, moreover, after being removed from the sediment, it was sent for storage. For a certain time, bottles can be stored without arousing any suspicions in the winemaker, however, a slight change in the storage temperature, or other reasons, can cause lactobacilli and fungi to activate. To prevent this from happening, the wine is stabilized using pasteurization, alcohol fixing or cryostabilization.

Pasteurization? it is heating to prevent the development of diseases and acetic acid fermentation. Bacteria and fungi die when heated, and the risk of unnecessary fermentation processes is reduced to zero. Pasteurization is carried out very simply: bottles with wine are placed in a saucepan, at the bottom of which a towel is laid in several layers, then water is poured so that the level of wine in the bottles is closed.

Fastening with alcohol or vodka is carried out both in order to increase the strength and to stabilize the product

It is important here not to be mistaken with the dosage. How much vodka or alcohol is required for fastening will help to determine the following approximate calculation: to increase the strength by 1 °, add 2% 40-degree vodka or 1% 90 percent alcohol

In this case, the fortress will be 17 °, and bacteria and microorganisms will die. The product will no longer ferment again.

Cryostabilization, or cold stabilization, will also help deal with unnecessary fermentation. Cold treatment means that containers with a drink are placed in a cold place for 14-20 days, the temperature in which ranges from 5 to 0 ° C. Such a place could be a basement or a refrigerator. After cryostabilization, homemade wine is removed from the sediment and bottled. It can be sent to be stored for as many days as it takes to mature.

In addition to these methods, there are other methods forcing the finished product to stop fermenting: adding sulfur in the form of potassium sulfite, or fumigating storage containers with sulfur wicks.

Since sometimes even for decent money you can buy a drink of extremely low quality, it's time to master the ability to properly make wines at home, for the naturalness of which you can vouch.

For home production, it is better to use the so-called wine (or technical) grape varieties. Which ones grow in your area, use those. It is only necessary to correctly calculate the amount of sugar, taking into account the natural sugar content of the berries, so that in the end the wine has the necessary degrees and tastes good.

1. From fruits:

• apple and pear cider, often mixing juices;
• plum - sweet, thick;
• cherry - in special honor. Similar to the famous Cherry liqueur, but not as sweet and thick.

2. From berries:

• strawberry;
• currant;
• raspberry, etc.

3. Vegetable. So they are called because the raw materials are: birch or maple sap, watermelons, etc.

4. And, of course, grape. The varieties that grow in the area are used.

Young wine is a special product. It contains many bacteria and microorganisms that can suddenly start vigorous activity, as a result of which the fermentation process will resume. Temperature fluctuations or other factors can cause sudden activity. As a result, the finished wine in storage must be urgently saved. The problem is that it is visually difficult to determine that the drink has begun to ferment again.

To avoid such a nuisance, many winemakers at home stabilize the young drink with:

• pasteurization;
• fixing with alcohol;
• cryostabilization.

Stopped playing after a week

Without a siphon, an alcoholic drink, as they say, cannot be made. It is important for quick elimination carbon dioxide from the fermentation vessel. It is important to remove carbon dioxide that appears during fermentation.

The fact is that their maximum concentration adversely affects the performance of microscopic fungi that cause fermentation.

What to do?

Pay attention to the siphon and its tightness. If necessary, the joint areas are treated with a special gel based on silicone, plastic or any available material of identical functionality. It is important to remove the applied ball only when necessary.

For the first few days, microscopic fungi that cause fermentation are actively multiplying, but for this they need air. Only then does the conversion of sugar into ethanol begin.

To prevent this, for the first few days, grape juice must be held in an open vessel covered with a clean cloth or gauze bandage. Then microscopic fungi that cause fermentation will first multiply, and then become activated.

This is the most common problem of a winemaker and today is the most urgent:

1. Yes, fermenting fungi convert sucrose into an alcoholic beverage.
2. Sucrose is considered the main food source for them.
3. But as soon as its concentration exceeds a certain limit, the fermenting fungi become less active.
4. In this case, sugar acts as a preservative.

What should I do?

If the sweetness of the prepared grape juice exceeds twenty percent, it is important to add filtered water (fifteen percent of the total liquid).

The same must be done with thick vine juice. If necessary, the decomposition of organic substances caused by microorganisms is restarted.

During the preparation of dessert or liqueur wine alcoholic beverage, sucrose is always added in proportions on the second, fourth, seventh, tenth day in equal amounts, dissolving it in a small amount of the prepared drink.

The first few days, the fermenting fungi spend all their properties on reproduction, and only a few hours later, after reaching a certain concentration, they begin to think about feeding. At this stage, the fungi use oxygen for their activity.

This can happen if the wort is not mixed with a sufficient amount of water. The consistency of the mass of crushed berries becomes thick, similar to jelly, and it is difficult for a microscopic fungus to ferment in such an environment.