See also in the Presidential Library:

Republic of Buryatia: pages of history: collection.

Preface by ARD: A year ago, the republic solemnly celebrated its 90th anniversary. The magnificent festivities were followed by everyday life. They now want to transfer the Central Stadium, which was recently opened with pomp, to the Buryat State University - the republic has no money for it. The “Hara Morin” team, which recently represented Buryatia at the highest level, left for Sevastopol. Football “Selenga” said goodbye to dreams of a professional league. Enterprises are going bankrupt, jobs are being cut... Some journalists even went as far as to say, do we need a republic? Should we join Irkutsk or Chita? But statehood is not only the financial viability of the region, the efficiency of the administrative apparatus and the construction of expensive facilities, which in the end there is nothing to support...

“Yielding to the demands of the population”...

In October 1922, the White Guards and interventionists were expelled from Primorye, Soviet power was established and there was no longer any need for the existence of a Far Eastern Republic. On November 14, 1922, the People's Assembly of the Far Eastern Republic made a decision on the entry of the Far Eastern Republic into the RSFSR. On November 16, 1922, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the republic was declared an indivisible part of the RSFSR.

The regional administration of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Region of the Far Eastern Republic on November 14, 1922 decided to transfer power to the Buryat-Mongolian Revolutionary Committee: “Yielding to the demands of the population expressed in the resolutions of the aimak congresses of workers and in the resolution of public representatives of the Buravtoregion gathered in Chita, the Burmonavtoupr dissolved itself and transferred all that belonged to power to the Revolutionary Committee of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Region formed by the indicated resolution.”

This is how M.N. writes about those years. Erbanov, an outstanding political figure in the history of the Buryat people: “Being Chairman of the Burtsik, I had, under the leadership of the party, to carry out all the preparatory and organizational work for the creation of autonomous regions in Siberia (in the RSFSR) and in the Far Eastern Republic, together with the Buryat-Mongolian Revolutionary Committee in Chita , and subsequently, in 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic."

On December 8, 1922, a memorandum on the need to unite the autonomous regions and form the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was presented to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, People's Commissariat of Nationalities, People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, Sibrevkom and Dalrevkom.

Thus, the artificial administrative division of the Buryat people, caused by wartime conditions, must be eliminated, and material and cultural forces must also be concentrated. An autonomous Soviet republic was chosen as the form of national self-determination of the Buryats.

On December 20, 1922, the People's Commissariat for Nationalities recognized the need to unite the autonomous Buryat-Mongolian regions, and also decided to create a special commission to determine the territorial boundaries and form of unification. Based on the decision of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities, this commission developed a draft borders of the future autonomous republic, which was submitted for consideration to the Siberian and Far Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b).

All power goes to the Revolutionary Committee of the Burrepublic

1. To unite the autonomous regions of the Buryat-Mongols of Siberia and the Far East into one Autonomous Buryat-Mongolian Soviet Socialist Republic with the center in the city of Verkhneudinsk.

2. A special commission consisting of representatives of the Sibrevkom, Dalrevkom and the autonomous regions of the Buryats of Siberia and the Far East, chaired by a representative of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs, is charged with determining the exact boundaries of the newly formed Buryat republic, which must be submitted for approval by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee no later than August 1, 1923.

3. Until the convening of the First Congress of Soviets, full power in the new republic should be given to the Revolutionary Committee.

The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee proposed that the commission to determine the boundaries of the republic take as a basis the project developed by the executive committee and the revolutionary committee of the Buryat-Mongolian autonomous regions. The Revolutionary Committee of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was obliged to organize the central governing bodies of the republic and convene the First Congress of Soviets of the BMASSR. At the same time, the draft “Regulations” of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is being prepared.

At a meeting convened from representatives of the governing bodies of the autonomous regions of Siberia and the Far East, it was decided to create a revolutionary committee of the Burrepublic, which would assume full power from August 1, 1923 until the convening of the First Congress of Soviets of the BMASSR. The revolutionary committee included M.N. Erbanov - chairman, M.I. Amagaev - deputy chairman, members V.I. Trubacheev, M.D. Berman et al.

On July 24, 1923, a telegram was sent to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Committee of the RCP (b), in which the Burispolkom of Siberia and the Burrevkom of the Far East petitioned for the following.

1. All power on the territory of the regions united in the republic should be transferred from the first of August to the Revolutionary Committee of the Burrespublic, which by this time was supposed to publish a declaration to the population of the regions.

2. From the moment of transfer of power to the Revolutionary Committee, regional government bodies will be reorganized into People's Commissariats.

3. The Revolutionary Committee of the Burrepublic would maintain a close business connection with the Sibrevkom and the Dalrevkom through direct relations with the latter, while the People's Commissariats of the Burrespublic would communicate with the regional bodies only through the Revolutionary Committee of the Republic.

4. All previously issued decisions of the Sibrevkom and Dalrevkom would remain in force on the territory of the Burrespublika until they were revised by the revolutionary committee of the Burrespublika and canceled by the center at the request of the latter.

On July 25, 1923, a telegram was received from the Central Committee of the RCP (b), which reported that the Central Committee was authorizing these proposals.

It was decided to form aimags on the territory of the BMASSR

On July 31, 1923, the first meeting of the revolutionary committee of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic took place. The Revolutionary Committee issued a resolution on the adoption of full power from August 1, 1923 in the united autonomous regions of the Buryats of Siberia and the Far East, in connection with which the Buryat Executive Committee of Siberia and the Burrevkom of the Far East were subject to dissolution, and other regional bodies of the Buryat Executive Committee of Siberia and the Burrevkom of the Far East were reorganized into the corresponding people's commissariats of the republic .

By this resolution, the Burrevkom of the Far East was reorganized into the representative office of the Revolutionary Committee of the Buryat-Mongol Republic in the Far East. The aimak executive committees, which were subordinate to the Burrevkom of Siberia, were directly subordinate to the revolutionary committee and the people's commissariats of the republic, and the aimak revolutionary committees, which were subordinate to the Burrevkom of the Far East, were subordinate to the revolutionary committee and the people's commissariats of the republic through the representation of the revolutionary committee.

At the same meeting of the Revolutionary Committee, the “Temporary Regulations” on the state structure of the BMASSR were adopted, people’s commissars and members of the boards of people’s commissariats were appointed.

In August 1923, a joint meeting of the Revolutionary Committee of the BMASSR, the Presidium of the Baikal Gubernia Executive Committee and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee commission to determine the borders of the BMASSR was held in Verkhneudinsk with the participation of the people's commissars of the republic and the heads of departments of the Baikal Gubernia Executive Committee. At this meeting, it was decided to complete the transfer of the apparatus of the Baikal Gubernia Executive Committee to the Revolutionary Committee of the Republic by September 10.

On September 9-11, 1923, a meeting of workers of the Revolutionary Committee of the Republic, the Baikal Provincial Executive Committee, chairmen of district and aimak executive committees and secretaries of district and aimak committees of the RCP (b) was held to establish close ties with local authorities and familiarize them with the immediate tasks in connection with the organization Buryat-Mongolian Republic.

On the territory of the BMASSR, it was decided to form the aimags of Tunkinsky, Ekhirit-Bulagatsky, Bokhansky, Alarsky, Khorinsky, Troitskosavsky, Barguzinsky, Aginsky and Verkhneudinsky districts. Aimaks were divided into khoshuns, and the district into volosts.

In September 1923, the move of institutions and organizations of the former autonomous regions from Irkutsk and Chita to Verkhneudinsk was completed. By resolution of the Party Central Committee, the Buryat-Mongolian Regional Bureau of the RCP(b) was created in the same month. V.I. was elected secretary of the regional party organization. Trubachev.

On September 12, 1923, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the “Regulations on the state structure of the BMASSR”, according to which the Buryat-Mongol Republic was part of the RSFSR as its federal part with its center in the city of Verkhneudinsk.

The “Regulations” indicated that the state power apparatus of the BMASSR is organized in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR from local Soviets, their congresses and executive committees, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Executive Committee.

To manage the affairs of the BMASSR, people's commissariats were established: autonomous - internal affairs, justice, education, health care, agriculture; directive - labor, finance, council of national economy, workers' and peasants' inspection. In addition, the Buryat-Mongolian Military Commissariat was created, directly subordinate to the nearest district military commissariat; the authorized body of the GPU of the RSFSR under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Burrespublic and the statistical department under the Council of People's Commissars of the BMASSR, acting under the directives of the Central Statistical Office of the RSFSR.

The Buryat and Russian languages ​​are, as stated in the “Regulations,” equal in rights on the territory of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

By a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of October 3, 1923, the Baikal province was abolished, and most of it became part of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Republic.

On December 12, 1923, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee commission to establish the borders of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The BMASSR from the Baikal province included: Barguzinsky district in its entirety, from Verkhneudinsky district - 22 volosts, from Troitskosavsky district - 11 volosts.

From the volosts of the Verkhneudinsky and Troitskosavsky districts of the Pribaikalsk province that were not included in the BMASSR, the Petrovsky district of the Transbaikal province was formed with its center in the city of Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky.

From the Chita district of the Transbaikal province, the volosts of Pogromninskaya, Romanovskaya and part of Beklemishevskaya were included in the BMASSR. The boundaries of the Aginsky aimak were also determined.

A congress that had historical significance

On December 4, 1923, the First Congress of Soviets of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic opened, at which reports were heard on the activities of the revolutionary committee of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the people's commissariats of internal affairs, agriculture, education, health care and finance. The congress formed the Central Executive Committee of the BMASSR.

Minutes No. 1 of December 10, 1923 of the meeting of the 1st session of the Central Executive Committee of the BMASSR contain decisions on the transfer of power by the Revolutionary Committee to the Central Executive Committee, on the selection of a Presidium of 7 people and the approval of the Council of People's Commissars of the BMASSR. M.I. was elected Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the BMASSR. Amagaev, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - M.N. Erbanov, in addition, people's commissars and their deputies were appointed, commissions and committees were formed under the Council of People's Commissars and the People's Commissariats.

Thus, in December 1923, the republic was finally formed politically and territorially, the creation of which was of great historical significance for the Buryat people.

N. Sorokovikova, Head of the Scientific Information Center of the State Budgetary Institution “State Archives of the Republic of Belarus”,

Now only the older generation remembers that our republic used to have a different name. March 1958. The Bureau of the Regional Party Committee discussed the issue of renaming the republic into the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Having considered a note from a group of researchers at the Scientific Research Institute of Culture on renaming the republic into the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and taking into account the wishes of the workers on this issue, the Bureau of the Regional Committee of the CPSU decides:

1. Consider it correct and scientifically justified to rename the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Buryat Autonomous Socialist Republic.
2. Approve the draft note to the Central Committee of the CPSU.

This is stated in the minutes of the meeting.

There are different versions of what served as the basis for this renaming. The first version from the times of the USSR - during the years of Soviet power, the indigenous people developed into the Buryat socialist nation.

Photo: etomesto.ru. Map of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1930

First version - Rumyantsev “for”

10 days later, a resolution of the Supreme Council of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic stated that this happened in accordance with the wishes of the Buryat people, all the workers of the republic, at the request of the CPSU Committee and the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the republic. This was preceded by a note prepared on the instructions of the first secretary of the Buryat-Mongolian regional party committee, Alexander Uladaevich Khakhalov. According to modern concepts, he was the head of the republic. The note was prepared by the directorate of the Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Research Institute of Culture. Now it is the Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Before this, the directorate of this institute received two notes from historians Bimba Dorzhievich Tsybikov and Georgy Nikitich Rumyantsev. However, the basis of the institute's note, which reached the table of the party bosses, included the provisions expressed by Rumyantsev. He claimed that there were no Mongols on Buryat territory, while recognizing the Buryats as one of the Mongol peoples.

Georgy Nikitich himself, in addition to Mongolian, which was his main language, also studied Manchu and Tibetan. He came to Ulan-Ude from Leningrad in 1939 at the invitation of the Buryat-Mongolian Research Institute of Language, Literature and History. He worked in our republic for 27 years. Over the years, he prepared and published a large number of scientific works on various problems of Buryat and Mongolian studies.

Second version - Tsybikov “against”

Bimba Tsybikov, speaking in favor of preserving the name “Buryat-Mongolia,” substantiated the fallacy of renaming the republic. He noted the ethnic and linguistic community of the Mongols and Buryats. He wrote that the Buryat-Mongol people in the 17th - 18th centuries included numerous tribes and clans - people from Mongolia (Khalkhas and Oirat of Mongolia): Ashabagats, Atagans, Uzons, Songols, Sartuls, Khatagins, Tabanguts, Ikinats, Khongodors and others. The number of Khalkha and Oirat clans who moved to the territory of Buryat-Mongolia is very significant. Other scientists put the number of known genera from 34 to 80.

According to Bimba Tsybikov, many Buryat chroniclers called their works the history of Buryat-Mongol or Mongol-Buryat clans. Buryat rhapsodists, telling legends and traditions, often said: we are “Mongol-Buryats” or “Buryat-Mongols.” Therefore, the traditional name of our republic must be preserved and traditions cannot be eliminated in one fell swoop.

Numerous scientific studies prove the Mongolian origin of the Buryats. Our ancestors - Buryat clans and tribes - in the early Middle Ages formed a single ethnic community with other Mongolian tribes and lived in the Baikal region, on the northern outskirts of the Mongolian world. During the era of Genghis Khan and the Genghisids, the Buryat tribes were part of Their Mongol Uls - the Great Mongol State.

All Mongolian peoples have a single culture, rooted in Central Asian civilization. A single script is the classic Mongolian vertical script “heavenly script”. Mongolian scholars noted that Buryat culture and language should develop on a traditional all-Mongolian basis. And if they find themselves separated from their roots, they will have no prospects for development. For example, Mikhei Erbanov spoke about this in 1926 at a meeting of the Mongolian peoples on issues of cultural and national construction.

“The issue of improving the linguistic culture of the Buryat-Mongol people should be resolved not on the scale of the Buryat-Mongols alone, but on a general Mongolian scale. The separation of the linguistic culture of the Buryat-Mongol people from the rest of the Mongol tribes by creating some kind of independent written language is considered completely unacceptable,” read the resolution adopted at that meeting on the issue of language and writing.

The decision to change the name of the republic in 1958 was made behind the scenes. As the facts indicate, the leadership of the republic not only did not consider it necessary to turn to the people and find out their opinion, but also did not deign, as it should be, to discuss this issue with the participation of a wide range of scientists. In essence, there was no qualified discussion; the party machine of one hundred percent voting of deputies clearly worked.

Only in 1991, the Council of Ministers of the Republic (Chairman V.B. Saganov) supported the initiative of representatives of the scientific and creative intelligentsia to restore the traditional name of the republic. However, the decision was defeated by the then Supreme Council of the Republic.

This version is set out in the book of Doctor of Historical Sciences, orientalist Shirab Bodievich Chimitdorzhiev: “Who are we, the Buryat-Mongols?”

From his first scientific works, Shirab Chimitdorzhiev demonstrated the ability to find and analyze historical documents and open new areas of research

Third version - Khrushchev “for”

There are versions of other scientists that this renaming is a continuation of the fight against the so-called pan-Mongolism. Let us remember that this was one of the main accusations during the repressions of the 30s in our republic. Most of those accused of this were posthumously acquitted and rehabilitated in the 50s, when the “Khrushchev Thaw” began. But, oddly enough, the same Nikita Khrushchev, according to other scientists, contributed to the renaming of the republic.

Doctor of Historical Sciences Garmazhap Sanzhiev writes that Khrushchev proposed removing the second part of the republic’s name due to the deterioration of relations with China.

The preservation of the name “Buryat-Mongolian” could have been used by the Chinese leadership during the period of complications in relations between the USSR and the PRC as a pretext for its territorial claims to the ethnic territories of the Mongols in Asia, Sanzhiev believes.

The Mao Zedong leadership of China laid claim to the entire ethnic territory of the Mongols in Asia. It stated that China and Mongolia at one time constituted a single state... Apparently, Khrushchev thought that the name “Buryat-Mongol ASSR” would serve as a pretext for laying claim to its territory. Therefore, he considered it appropriate to remove this part of the name, - Shirab Bodievich supported this version.

The fourth version is for the sake of the UN

Professor Chimitdorzhiev cited another reason for the renaming - proximity to the Mongolian People's Republic. The fact that the name of the autonomous Soviet socialist republic contained the word “Mongolian” prevented neighboring Mongolia from joining the UN. The USSR wanted to have as many friendly socialist countries as possible in this international organization. Let us add to this that two more Buryat autonomous okrugs, after secession in 1937, also bore the names: Aginsky and Ust-Ordynsky Buryat-Mongolian national okrugs.

The government of the MPR submitted an application to admit the country to membership in the UN, but when considering this issue, the Americans each time used the right of veto, citing the fact that the Mongols live, except in the MPR, in the PRC and the USSR, that they are a divided people. In the summer of 1958, Khrushchev issued instructions: to immediately remove the second part from the name of the Buryat-Mongol Republic, wrote Shirab Bodievich.

The country is located in the heart of Asia. These are areas of vast steppes, sand dunes, vast mountains, endless blue skies and hot sun. Magnificent Mongolia has fabulous natural resources.

Answers to many questions regarding this beautiful country can be found in this article. In it we will talk about the government structure (Mongolia - a republic or a monarchy); about geographical location, population and much more.

The centuries-old history of Mongolia can tell a lot of interesting things. The features of ancient traditions and customs are quite interesting and varied.

general information

Mongolia has a total of 250 sunny days a year.

This mysterious country, often called the "Land of Blue Sky", is home to the great Rocky Mountains, blue lakes, endless steppes and golden sands of the Gobi Desert - all beautiful Mongolian natural scenery. There are many Buddhist temples here, and the locals are amazingly hospitable and have their own unique and distinctive culture.

State structure

The highest legislative body of Mongolia is the Great Khural (parliament). There are 76 members (according to the Constitution) with powers for a four-year term. a parliament is elected, the main form of activity of which is sessions, which meet only when 2/3 or more of all its members are present.

The powers of the parliament include the formation of the highest executive power in Mongolia (the government headed by the prime minister). The head of state is the president, who can be elected from among Mongolian citizens who have reached the age of 45 for a period of 4 years (the condition is permanent residence in their homeland for the last 5 years).

According to the Constitution, in force since 1992, Mongolia is a parliamentary republic. The main political parties are: the People's Revolutionary Party, the Democratic Party, the Democratic Religious Party and the Green Party.

Until 1992, the country was called a republic.

In 1991, the Democratic Party came to power through a peaceful revolution. Since 2009, the country has undergone many reforms.

Geographical position

This country occupies part of Central Asia.

Mongolia is a landlocked republic. It has borders with Russia in the north, and with China in the south, west and east. The entire length of Mongolia's borders is 8,162 kilometers (including 3,485 kilometers with Russia).

The area of ​​the state is 1,566 thousand square kilometers.

Geographically, the Republic of Mongolia is divided into 21 regions (aimag), consisting of smaller administrative units - soums. In turn, each somon (342 in total) is divided into bugs (teams). There are 1539 of them in total.

The 3 Mongolian cities of Erdenet, Darkhan and Choir are autonomous units by status.

Gandan Monastery.

Culture

Mongolia is a republic whose traditions and culture are rich and diverse. For many centuries, nomads roamed the deserts and steppes of Central Asia and kept certain customs unchanged. Every July, Mongolia celebrates the Naddam festival with traditional Mongolian competitions in horse racing, archery and wrestling; The end of winter time and the arrival of the New Year are celebrated - also with competitions.

Various festivals are held in Mongolia: Hunting Eagles; Yak and camel.

In conclusion about the economy

Mongolia is developing dynamically economically and is one of the most promising markets in Northeast Asia, and practically in the entire Asia-Pacific region.