• public character;
• sovereignty of state power;
• legitimacy;
• unity;
• separation of powers;
• based on laws.

The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes, in particular, the following:

• regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms;
• resolving issues of citizenship in the Russian Federation;
• establishing a system of federal government bodies, the procedure for their organization and activities;
• establishing the legal framework for the single market; financial, currency, customs regulation;
• establishment;
• foreign policy and international relations of Russia;
• national defense and security;
• judicial system, prosecutor's office, criminal, civil, procedural legislation, as well as some other issues.

At the same time, the Constitution of Russia establishes subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

• ensuring law and order;
• issues of ownership, use and disposal of land;
• delimitation of state property;
• environmental issues;
• , family, housing, land legislation and some other issues.

Outside of these areas of jurisdiction, the subjects of the Russian Federation have full state power.

Some constituent entities of the Russian Federation have concluded special agreements with the Russian Federation on the delimitation of their competence, which supplement and clarify the provisions of the Constitution of Russia.

If the Russian Federation adopts a normative act that goes beyond its competence, then only normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are in force. And vice versa, regulatory acts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation that go beyond the scope of their competence have no legal force.

Government departments

Government body- this is a structural element of the state mechanism, possessing powers in certain areas and areas of state activity.

• public authorities are formed by law;
• each state body is endowed with certain competencies;
• financed from the federal budget;
• in their activities reflect the tasks and.

• the principle of separation of powers (independent functioning of each branch of government in order to eliminate arbitrariness and arbitrariness in their activities);
• the principle of transparency (informing the population about the activities of government bodies);
• the principle of legality (strict compliance with the Constitution and laws by all authorities);
• the principle of priority of human and civil rights and freedoms;
• the principle of professionalism (only professionals should work in government agencies).

Types of state bodies:

• head of state (monarch or president);
• legislative (representative) bodies of state power;
• executive bodies of state power;
• judicial bodies of state power.

Head of State

President of Russian Federation is the head of . He acts as a guarantor and takes measures to protect the sovereignty of Russia, its independence and territorial integrity. The President determines the main directions of the country's domestic and foreign policy.

The President is elected by 6 years based on universal direct secret ballot. The same person cannot hold the office of president for more than two consecutive terms.

The President appoints the Chairman of the Government, forms and heads the Security Council, calls elections to the State Duma, signs and promulgates federal laws, and signs international treaties of Russia. He is also the Supreme Commander of the country's Armed Forces.

The President issues decrees and orders. In some cases, he may be removed from office early, for which a certain procedure is applied.

Federal Assembly

The Federal Assembly, or Parliament of the Russian Federation, is the highest representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - Federation Council and State Duma.

IN Council of the Federation includes two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation: one from the representative body, the other from the executive body of state power. Thus, the Federation Council has 178 members.

The State Duma consists of 450 deputies who are elected for a term of 4 years. Deputies of the State Duma work on professional basis, they cannot be on public service and engage in other paid activities (except for teaching, scientific and creative activities).

The Federation Council and the State Duma elect their chairmen from among their members.

The main function of the Federal Assembly is the adoption of federal laws.

The draft law first goes to the State Duma, where it is adopted by a simple majority total number deputies. Then the law goes to the Federation Council, which can consider it within 14 days and adopt it by a simple majority vote of the total number of members of this chamber. If a law is not considered by the Federation Council within the specified period, then it is usually considered adopted (with the exception of some laws on the budget, taxes and finances, as well as laws relating to international treaties).

A law rejected by the Federation Council is returned to the State Duma, after which either a conciliation commission is formed from representatives of both chambers, or the State Duma re-adopts it, which requires 2/3 votes.

The adopted federal law is sent for signature to the President of the Russian Federation, who must sign and make it public within 14 days.

A law rejected by the president can be considered again by the Federal Assembly. If, upon re-examination, a federal law is approved in a previously adopted version by a majority of 2/3 votes in both one and the other chambers of parliament, then it must be signed by the president within 7 days.

Government of the Russian Federation

The Government of the Russian Federation carries out executive power of the Russian Federation. It consists of the Chairman, his deputies and federal ministers.

The Chairman of the Government submits to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structure of executive authorities.

The government develops and submits to the State Duma and ensures its implementation. The government also ensures the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy, a unified state policy in the field of culture, science, education, health care and social security. It takes measures to ensure law and order, and to combat crime.

The government adopts decrees and orders on issues within its competence. They are mandatory in the Russian Federation.

Judicial branch

Judicial power is exercised through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Justice in Russia is administered only by the court. Judges are independent. They obey only the law. Judges are irremovable and have immunity. Proceedings in all courts are open, except for cases provided for by federal law (for example, the need to maintain state secrets).

The court system consists of three parts: the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; courts of general jurisdiction; arbitration courts.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation decides cases on the compliance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: federal laws and regulations of the President of the Russian Federation, the chambers of the Federal Assembly and the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other regulations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Constitutional Court considers some disputes about competence arising between public authorities, as well as complaints about violations of the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Courts of general jurisdiction consist of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local (city and district) people's courts. They consider civil cases (with the participation of citizens), as well as criminal, administrative and some other cases.

Arbitration courts consist of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, federal district courts and arbitration courts of the constituent entities of the federation. They consider economic disputes.

Supervision of legality in the country is carried out by the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation.

State power in Russia is exercised by the President, the Federal Assembly (Russian Parliament), the Government and the courts. These are the highest bodies of state power in the Russian Federation (Russian Federation).

The president

The President is the head of state; he does not belong to any branch of government.

The President is the guarantor of the Constitution, determines the main directions of the state's domestic and foreign policy, and represents Russia within the country and in international relations. A Russian citizen who is at least 35 years old and has permanently resided in Russia for at least 10 years can be elected president. The presidential term is 6 (six) years; the same person cannot serve as president for more than two consecutive terms. The President, usually in a solemn atmosphere, addresses the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country and the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. The President is the supreme commander of the country's armed forces. He issues decrees and orders and has immunity (he cannot simply be taken into custody, arrested, etc.).

Powers of the President of the Russian Federation:

1) appoints, with the approval of the State Duma, the Chairman of the Government

2) decides on the resignation of the Government

3) forms and heads the Security Council

4) approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation

5) forms the Presidential Administration

6) appoints:

a) authorized representatives of the President

b) the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

c) diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation

7) calls elections of the State Duma

8) dissolves the State Duma

9) calls a referendum

10) signs and promulgates federal laws

11) addresses the Federal Assembly with an annual message on the situation in the country

12) provides leadership foreign policy RF

13) introduces martial law in the country

14) resolves issues of citizenship and granting political asylum

15) grants pardon

Legislature

Legislative power in Russia is exercised by the Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation. Russian laws are adopted here. First they are written in the State Duma, and then sent for discussion to the Federation Council. After approval by the Federation Council, the law is sent to the President for signature.

The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers: upper and lower. The upper house of parliament is the Federation Council (its members are called senators), the lower is the State Duma (its members are called deputies).

The Federation Council is formed from representatives of the legislative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the federation, which allows taking into account the interests of the regions. All citizens of the Russian Federation are represented in the State Duma through deputies; the State Duma consists of 450 people.

The State Duma is elected for a term of 5 (five) years. A citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 can be elected as a deputy of the State Duma. The Federation Council and the State Duma meet separately. Meetings of the Federation Council and State Duma are open.

1) Approval of changes in borders between constituent entities of the Russian Federation

2) Approval of the presidential decree on the introduction of martial law and a state of emergency

3) Resolving the issue of the possibility of using armed forces outside the territory of the Russian Federation

4) Calling presidential elections

5) Removal of the president from office

6) Appointment to position:

a) Constitutional Court of the Supreme Court

b) Prosecutor General

c) Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber

Powers of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation:

1) Giving consent to the President for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation

2) Resolving the issue of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation

3) Hearing of annual reports of the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its activities

4) Appointment to positions:

a) Chairman of the Central Bank

b) Chairman of the Accounts Chamber

c) Commissioner for Human Rights

5) announcement of amnesty

6) bringing charges against the president to remove him from office

Executive branch

Executive power in Russia is exercised by the Government. The Government is headed by the Chairman of the Government (the international word is the Prime Minister). Today the Prime Minister of Russia is Dmitry Medvedev. The State Duma considers the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government within a week. If the candidacy for the Chairman of the Government is rejected three times, then the President appoints the Chairman of the Government, dissolves the State Duma and calls new elections. The Prime Minister determines the main directions of the Government's activities and organizes its work. The resignation of the government is accepted or rejected by the President. The question of trust in the government is raised by the Federation Council.

Powers of the Government of the Russian Federation:

1) Develops and submits the federal budget to the State Duma for consideration

2) Ensures the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy, as well as a unified policy in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology

3) manages federal property

4) implements measures to ensure the country’s defense and state security

5) implements measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect property and public order, and fight crime

Judicial branch

Judges in the Russian Federation can be citizens who have reached 25 years of age and have at least 5 years of work experience. Judges are independent and subject only to the Constitution. Judges are irremovable and inviolable. The proceedings in the courts are open. The Constitutional Court consists of 19 judges. The Constitutional Court resolves cases regarding the compliance of federal laws and regulations with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in civil, criminal, administrative and other cases under the jurisdiction of courts of general jurisdiction.

Powers of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation:

1) resolves cases on compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

a) federal laws, regulations of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation;

b) constitutions of republics, charters, as well as laws and other normative acts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, issued on issues related to the jurisdiction of public authorities of the Russian Federation and the joint jurisdiction of public authorities of the Russian Federation and public authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

c) agreements between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, agreements between government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

d) international treaties of the Russian Federation that have not entered into force;

2) resolves disputes about competence:

a) between federal government bodies;

b) between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

c) between the highest state bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

3) upon complaints of violations of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and upon requests from the courts, checks the constitutionality of the law applied or to be applied in a particular case;

4) gives an interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation;

5) gives an opinion on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation high treason or committing another serious crime;

6) takes legislative initiatives on issues within its jurisdiction.

The executive branch exercises public administration . Executive authorities have significant legal independence in relation to the legislative and judicial branches of government. They are not accountable and not controlled by representative authorities. Executive authorities, in particular the government of the Russian Federation, are vested with the right of legislative initiative, as well as state powers to issue legal acts and monitor their implementation.

Executive authorities may be federal and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance (Moscow, St. Petersburg), autonomous regions and autonomous districts.

Competencies vary depending on the nature bodies of general, sectoral, intersectoral competence.

Bodies of general competence- governments, administrations of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They manage most branches of management, ensuring economic, socio-cultural development in the territory under their jurisdiction.

Bodies of sectoral competence carry out management of the industries subordinate to them (for example, the Ministry of Health, the Committee of the Russian Federation on Metallurgy, etc.).

Bodies of intersectoral competence perform special functions common to all industries and areas of management (for example, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, etc.).

According to the procedure for resolving subordinate issues, it is necessary to distinguish between collegial and single-managerial bodies. Collegial bodies represent an institutionalized group of people who make decisions by majority vote (for example, governments, many state committees, etc.).

Single-authority bodies make decisions on issues within their competence, represented by their head (for example, a ministry, administration of territories, regions, etc.).

Federal executive authorities are defined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 1994 “On the structure of federal executive authorities”: the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministries, state committees of the Russian Federation, committees of the Russian Federation, the Main Directorate of Security of the Russian Federation, federal services, the Tax Police Department of the Russian Federation , Agency of Government Communications and Information, Federal Supervision of Russia.

Government of the Russian Federation

The Government of the Russian Federation exercises executive power in the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, his deputies and federal ministers. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma.

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation proposes to the President the structure of federal executive bodies, candidates for the positions of his deputies and federal ministers. In accordance with federal laws and presidential decrees, he determines the main directions of activity of the government of the Russian Federation and organizes its work. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the powers of the government of the Russian Federation, which:

• develops and submits the federal budget to the State Duma, ensures its execution, and also submits to the State Duma a report on the execution of the state budget;
• ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the Russian Federation in the fields of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology;
• manages federal property;
• takes measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, and the fight against crime.

The Government of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders.

Federal ministries, state committees and federal departments (committees, services, agencies, departments) belong to the central bodies of the federal executive power. They operate within the limits of their competence throughout the Russian Federation under the leadership of the Russian Government. Regulations on them are approved by the President of the Russian Federation or on his instructions by the Government of the Russian Federation (for example, the Regulations on the federal mining and industrial supervision of Russia were approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on February 18, 1993 No. 234, the Regulations on the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation by the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation on November 4, 1993 No. 1187). Ministers and chairmen of state committees of the Russian Federation are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation and are ex officio members of the Government of the Russian Federation. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 1994 No. 66 “On the structure of federal executive bodies,” federal ministries and state committees have equal legal status.

Heads of federal departments are not, as a rule, members of the government of the Russian Federation. Departments are not part of ministries and are independent bodies. They operate under the leadership of the Russian government.

Some federal executive authorities are subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation on issues assigned to him by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws: the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Service foreign intelligence, Federal Security Service, etc.

Executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can be divided into bodies of general, sectoral and intersectoral competence. Their forms do not have a generally established unification, therefore the names of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established, as a rule, taking into account historical and national traditions or foreign experience. The system and forms of executive authorities of republics are established in their constitutions, and of territories, regions, and autonomous entities - in their charters.

Bodies of general competence- these are the Councils of Ministers (governments) of the republics within the Russian Federation, administrations of territories, regions, and autonomous entities.

Bodies of sectoral and intersectoral competence in the republics are ministries, state committees, committees, main departments, etc.

In regions, territories, and autonomous entities, the executive authorities are the main directorates (directorates, committees, divisions, departments).

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts " system" And " structure» executive authorities. Thus, the system of executive authorities is a collection of bodies and the relationship between them; structure of executive authorities - their internal structure, internal organization structural divisions and positions.

The system of federal executive authorities is created in accordance with the constitutional division of powers in this area between the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes the establishment of a system of federal executive authorities, the procedure for their organization and activities, and the formation of federal executive authorities (clause “d” of Article 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The system of federal executive authorities, on the one hand, is characterized by stability (in terms of organizational and legal forms and functions), on the other hand, it is characterized by dynamism (depending on the tasks facing the state at a given time, new bodies are formed, those that have already exhausted their usefulness are abolished). purpose, organ reorganization occurs, etc.). Thus, after Crimea joined the Russian Federation in order to perform the functions of developing draft state programs for the development of the Crimean Federal District, coordinating activities for the implementation of these programs and monitoring the implementation by public authorities of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol of the powers of the Russian Federation transferred to them in accordance with legislation of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Crimean Affairs was created.

The system of federal executive authorities is determined by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 03/09/2004 No. 314 “On the system and structure of federal executive authorities” and Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 05/21/2012 No. 636 “On the structure of federal executive authorities”. It is built on the basis of a clear delineation of the management functions of executive authorities.

Currently, the system of federal executive authorities included:

1. federal ministries:
2. federal services;
3. federal agencies.

Federal Ministry is a federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of activity established by acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation. It is headed by the Minister of the Russian Federation (Federal Minister), who is part of the Government of the Russian Federation. Functions Federal Ministry:

• development of state policy in the established field of activity (education, Agriculture, culture, etc.);
• legal regulation in the established field of activity (functions for the adoption of normative legal acts) - publication on the basis and in pursuance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws mandatory for execution by state authorities, local governments, their officials, legal entities and citizens of rules of conduct that apply to an indefinite circle of persons;
• coordination and control of the activities of federal services and federal agencies under his jurisdiction;
• coordination of the activities of state extra-budgetary funds.

Examples of federal ministries: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense Affairs, emergency situations and disaster relief; Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation; Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, etc.

federal Service is a federal executive body that carries out control and supervision functions in the established field of activity, as well as special functions in the field of defense, state security, protection and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation, crime control, and public safety. It is headed by the head (director) of the federal service. The Federal Service for Supervision in the established field of activity may have the status of a collegial body. Functions of the federal service:

• for control and supervision in the established field of activity (carrying out actions to control and supervise the execution by state authorities, local self-government bodies, their officials, legal entities and citizens of the generally binding rules established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts conduct; issuance by state authorities, local government bodies, and their officials of permits (licenses) to carry out certain type activities and (or) specific actions for legal entities and citizens; registration of acts, documents, rights, objects);
• publication of individual legal acts within the limits of their powers;
• special functions in the field of defense, state security, protection and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation, crime control, public security (Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, etc.). Examples of federal services: Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science; Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance; Federal Service for Supervision of Transport.

Federal agency - is a federal executive body that, in the established field of activity, carries out the functions of providing public services, managing state property and law enforcement functions, with the exception of functions of control and supervision. Headed by the head (director) of the federal agency. A federal agency may have the status of a collegial body. Functions of the federal agency:

• for the provision of public services (provision by federal executive authorities directly or through federal government agencies or other organizations subordinate to them free of charge or at prices regulated by state authorities of services to citizens and organizations in the field of education, healthcare, social protection of the population and in other areas established by federal laws );
• on the management of state property (exercising the powers of the owner in relation to federal property, including those transferred to federal state unitary enterprises, federal government enterprises and state institutions subordinate to the federal agency, as well as management of federally owned shares of open joint-stock companies);
• law enforcement functions (issuance of individual legal acts within its competence).

Examples of federal agencies: Federal Agency for Tourism; Federal Agency for Youth Affairs; Federal Communications Agency; Federal Fisheries Agency; Federal Agency for State Property Management.

Federal executive authorities may be under the direct authority of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation. and federal services and agencies are also under the jurisdiction of the corresponding federal ministries.

Officially, the government bodies in Russia are: the President of the Russian Federation, Federal Executive Bodies, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Judicial Power of the Russian Federation, the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation. At the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there are executive and legislative authorities of the constituent entities of Russia.

The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of six years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. A citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 35 years old and has permanently resided in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years can be elected President of the Russian Federation. The same person cannot hold the position of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation is determined by federal law.

The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state.

The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, and ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of government bodies. The President of the Russian Federation determines the main directions of the domestic and foreign policies of states. He represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations [ibid., Art. 80].

The main powers of the President:

• a) appoints, with the consent of the State Duma, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
• b) has the right to chair meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation;
• c) decides on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation;
• d) presents to the State Duma a candidate for appointment to the post of Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; raises before the State Duma the question of dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
• e) at the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, appoints and dismisses the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers;
• f) presents to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; appoints judges of other federal courts;

f1) presents to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the position of Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and Deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation; submits proposals to the Federation Council on the dismissal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and Deputy Prosecutors of the Russian Federation; appoints and dismisses prosecutors of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as other prosecutors, except for prosecutors of cities, districts and prosecutors equivalent to them;

f2) appoints and dismisses representatives of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council;

• g) forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the status of which is determined by federal law;
• h) approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;
• i) forms the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation;
• j) appoints and dismisses authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation;
• k) appoints and dismisses the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
• l) appoints and recalls, after consultations with the relevant committees or commissions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly, diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation in foreign states and international organizations.

The President is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Armed Forces.

The President decides issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation, awards state awards, and grants pardons.

In addition, according to the Constitution, the President also performs a number of other powers and functions. By their nature and character they are mainly executive-administrative powers and functions.

Under the President of Russia there are advisory bodies: the Security Council - engaged in analysis and strategic planning on the entire range of security issues, as well as the preparation of draft decisions of the President in relevant areas, the State Council, the main tasks of which are to facilitate the implementation of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation on issues of ensuring the coordinated functioning and interaction of bodies state power; discussion of problems of special national importance relating to the relationship between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the most important issues of state building and strengthening the foundations of federalism, making the necessary proposals to the President of the Russian Federation, as well as other councils and commissions.

In each Federal District the President has his own authorized representative.

The Government of Russia consists of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and Federal Ministers.

Feature: in Russia, the Federal Assembly does not form the Government, but only controls, the Government is formed by the Chairman of the Government, appointed by the President.

Government of the Russian Federation:

a) develops and submits the federal budget to the State Duma and ensures its execution; submits a report on the execution of the federal budget to the State Duma; submits annual reports to the State Duma on the results of its activities, including on issues raised by the State Duma;

b-c) ensures the implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy, state policy in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology;

• d) manages federal property;
• e) implements measures to ensure the country’s defense, state security, and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
• f) implements measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, and the fight against crime;
• g) other powers.

The Government of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders and ensures their implementation.

Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, with the exception of resolutions containing information constituting state secrets or information of a confidential nature, are subject to official publication no later than fifteen days from the date of their adoption, and if immediate widespread publication is necessary, they are brought to the public’s attention through the media without delay.

When exercising their powers, federal ministers are accountable to the Government of the Russian Federation, and on issues assigned by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws and federal laws to the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, and to the President of the Russian Federation [ibid., Art. 26].

The regulatory legal acts also establish the control and supervisory powers of the Government.

The activities of the government are ensured by the Government Apparatus, Federal ministries, agencies subordinate to them, services, supervision, Federal services and agencies, coordination and advisory bodies. They play the role of the main instruments of government activity in certain areas state life, take part in the development of government decisions, in the development of legislation, in government rule-making, in the management of numerous government organizations under their subordination, manage the industries entrusted to them throughout the state, and issue by-laws.

In addition, in the Russian Federation, on the territory of its republics, territories, regions, autonomous districts, and in cities of federal significance, there are many different authorities government agencies- authorized representatives of central (federal) executive and administrative bodies of state power, forming together with them a single centralized system. For example, territorial bodies of Rosreestr, regional departments of the Federal Tax Service of Russia, etc.

The Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation - is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma.

The Federation Council includes: two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation - one each from the legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power; representatives of the Russian Federation appointed by the President of the Russian Federation, the number of which is no more than ten percent of the number of members of the Federation Council - representatives from the legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma consists of 450 deputies. The State Duma is elected for a period of five years.

Deputies of the State Duma are elected by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. Participation of a citizen of the Russian Federation in elections is free and voluntary. 225 deputies of the State Duma are elected in single-mandate electoral districts (one district - one deputy), 225 deputies of the State Duma are elected in the federal electoral district in proportion to the number of votes cast for the federal lists of candidates [ibid., Art. 3].

The Federation Council and the State Duma form committees and commissions and hold parliamentary hearings on issues within their jurisdiction.

Each chamber adopts its own regulations and decides on internal regulations for its activities.

To exercise control over the execution of the federal budget, the Federation Council and the State Duma form an accounting chamber, the composition and procedure of which are determined by federal law.

The jurisdiction of the Federation Council includes: approval of changes in borders between constituent entities of the Russian Federation; approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law or a state of emergency; resolving the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation; removal of the President of the Russian Federation from office and calling elections of the President of the Russian Federation; appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; appointment and dismissal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and Deputy Prosecutors General of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors.

The jurisdiction of the State Duma includes: giving consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; resolving the issue of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation; hearing annual reports of the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its activities, including on issues raised by the State Duma; appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; The Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors; Commissioner for Human Rights; amnesty announcement; bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office.

The main purpose of parliament is lawmaking. Parliament exercises legislative powers in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Constitution. Here I will only note that any bills related to expenditures from the federal budget can only be introduced if there is a conclusion from the Government of the Russian Federation. First, the law passes through the State Duma, then through the Federation Council. A law can be adopted by the Federation Council “by default” if it has not been considered by the Federation Council within fourteen days [Art. 105, paragraph 4]. Bills on issues related to expenditures from the federal budget and regulation of the economy, as well as issues of international relations, including issues of war and peace, are subject to mandatory consideration in the Federation Council [Art. 106].

The judicial bodies of modern Russia include the courts that exercise judicial power on behalf of the state through the administration of justice - consideration and resolution in the manner prescribed by law of civil and criminal cases, cases of administrative offenses, economic or other disputes and conflicts related to actual or alleged violation of the law .

Justice in the Russian Federation is carried out only by the court through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings. The creation of emergency courts is not permitted. The court, having established during the consideration of the case that an act of a state or other body does not comply with the law, makes a decision in accordance with the law. In this paragraph we will highlight only federal courts.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a judicial body of constitutional control, independently and independently exercising judicial power through constitutional proceedings.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body for civil cases, resolution of economic disputes, criminal, administrative and other cases, jurisdictional courts established in accordance with the federal constitutional law, exercises judicial supervision over the activities of these courts in the procedural forms provided for by federal law and provides clarifications on issues of judicial practice.

The Supreme Court of a republic, a regional court, a court of a federal city, a court of an autonomous region, a court of an autonomous district are federal courts of general jurisdiction operating within the territory of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation, and directly superior courts in relation to district courts operating in the territory of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation.

Regional courts and those equivalent to them consider cases as a court of first, appellate, cassation instances, based on new or newly discovered circumstances, and also exercise other powers in accordance with federal laws.

Military courts exercise judicial power in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies in which federal law provides military service.

Arbitration courts in the Russian Federation administer justice by resolving economic disputes and considering other cases within their competence.

The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation constitutes a unified federal centralized system of bodies and organizations and operates on the basis of subordination of lower prosecutors to higher ones and the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation. . The system of the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation consists of General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, prosecutor's offices of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, equivalent military and other specialized prosecutor's offices, scientific and educational organizations, editors printed publications, which are legal entities, as well as prosecutor's offices of cities and districts, other territorial, military and other specialized prosecutor's offices [ibid., sect. II Art. 11 clause 1].

The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation carries out:

supervision over the implementation of laws and observance of human and civil rights and freedoms by government bodies, as well as heads of commercial and non-profit organizations; criminal prosecution; coordinating the activities of law enforcement agencies to combat crime; initiating cases of administrative offenses and conducting administrative investigations. Prosecutors participate in the consideration of cases by courts, arbitration courts (hereinafter referred to as courts), and appeal decisions, sentences, rulings and rulings of courts that are contrary to the law. The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation takes part in law-making activities and publishes special publications.

The prosecutor has the right to freely enter the territories and premises of state authorities, local government, military administration, control, commercial and non-profit organizations, demand that officials present documents and materials, call them and other citizens for explanations regarding violations of the law [ibid., section Chapter 3 1 tbsp. 22 clause 1].

It considers and verifies applications, complaints and other reports of violations of the law, rights and freedoms of citizens, explains to victims the procedure for protecting their rights and freedoms, takes measures to prevent and suppress violations of the rights and freedoms of citizens, to bring to justice persons who have violated the law, according to compensation for damage caused [ibid., sect. 1 tbsp. 10].

The Accounts Chamber is a permanent supreme body of external state audit (control), reporting to the Federal Assembly. The Accounts Chamber carries out external state audit (control) based on the principles of legality, efficiency, objectivity, independence, openness and publicity [ibid., art. 4].

The Accounts Chamber is formed by the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber, the Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber, auditors of the Accounts Chamber, and the staff of the Accounts Chamber [ibid., Ch. 2 tbsp. 6].

The Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation is a federal government body that organizes the preparation and conduct of elections and referendums in the Russian Federation, as well as monitoring the observance of electoral rights and the right to participate in a referendum of citizens of the Russian Federation. The Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation operates on a permanent basis and is a legal entity.

The position of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation is established in order to ensure state protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, their observance and respect by state bodies, local governments and officials. The Commissioner, when exercising his powers, is independent and not accountable to any government bodies or officials. The introduction of a state of emergency or martial law throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation or part of it does not terminate or suspend the activities of the Commissioner and does not entail a limitation of his competence.

The authorized person has the right to freely visit authorities and local self-government, enterprises, institutions and organizations, military units, public associations; request and receive Required documents and materials; receive explanations from officials and civil servants; conduct inspections of the activities of government agencies, local governments and officials; get acquainted with criminal, civil and administrative cases, including discontinued ones. The Commissioner enjoys the right to promptly receive officials of government bodies, local self-government, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, heads of public associations, military commanders and administration of places of forced detention [ibid., Ch. 3 tbsp. 23].