Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (extracts)

Article 19. General terms criminal liability Only the sane are subject to criminal liability individual who has reached the age established by this Code.

Article 21. Insanity

A person who, at the time of committing a socially dangerous act, was in a state of insanity, that is, could not realize the actual nature and social danger of his actions (inaction) or control them due to a chronic mental disorder, temporary mental disorder, dementia or other painful condition, is not subject to criminal liability. psyche. 2. A person who has committed a socially dangerous act provided for by criminal law in a state of insanity may be imposed by a court with compulsory medical measures provided for by this Code.

Article 23. Criminal liability of persons who committed a crime while intoxicated.

A person who commits a crime while intoxicated due to the use of alcohol, drugs or other intoxicating substances is subject to criminal liability.Article 24. Forms of guilt

A person who committed an act intentionally or through negligence is considered guilty of a crime. An act committed only through negligence is recognized as a crime only in cases where it is specifically provided for by the relevant article of the Special Part of this Code.

Article 25. Crime committed intentionally

A crime committed intentionally is an act committed with direct or indirect intent.

A crime is recognized as committed with direct intent if the person was aware of the social danger of his actions (inaction), foresaw the possibility or inevitability of the occurrence of socially dangerous consequences and desired their occurrence.

A crime is considered committed with indirect intent if the person was aware of the social danger of his actions (inaction), foresaw the possibility of socially dangerous consequences, did not want to, but consciously allowed these consequences or was indifferent to them.

Article 26. Crime committed through negligence

A crime committed through negligence is an act committed through frivolity or negligence.

A crime is considered to be committed due to frivolity if a person foresaw the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his actions (inaction), but without sufficient grounds, he arrogantly hoped to prevent these consequences.

A crime is considered committed through negligence if a person did not foresee the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his actions (inaction), although with the necessary care and forethought he should and could have foreseen these consequences.

Article 28. Innocent causing of harm

An act is considered committed innocently if the person who committed it did not realize and, due to the circumstances of the case, could not realize the social danger of his actions (inaction) or did not foresee the possibility of socially dangerous consequences occurring and, due to the circumstances of the case, should not or could not have foreseen them.

An act is also considered committed innocently if the person who committed it, although he foresaw the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his actions (inaction), could not prevent these consequences due to the discrepancy of his psychophysiological qualities with the requirements of extreme conditions or neuropsychic overload.

21 List two circumstances in which causing harm is considered an innocent act.

22 How does the law define the general conditions of criminal liability? Based on social science knowledge, indicate the age at which a person who has committed a crime is subject to criminal liability.

23 What two forms of guilt are called in the law? Using social science knowledge and media materials, give one example that specifies each of these forms.

24 Some believe that punishment for a number of crimes should be tougher, since only severe punishment will force potential offenders to abandon their intentions. Based on social science and historical knowledge, give three arguments against the position stated above.

25 What meaning do social scientists put into the concept of “sensory cognition”? Drawing on knowledge from your social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the forms of sensory cognition, and another sentence containing information about one of these forms.

26 Give three possible classification criteria political parties and indicate the types of parties distinguished in each of these classifications.

27 During the discussion, the opinion was expressed that the extensive path of economic development has exhausted itself. Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, give two arguments in support and one argument in refutation of this opinion.

28 You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “The relationship between education and science in modern society" Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

21. two circumstances in which causing harm is considered an innocent act.

1. " An act is considered committed innocently if the person who committed it did not realize and, due to the circumstances of the case, could not realize the social danger of his actions (inaction) or did not foresee the possibility of socially dangerous consequences and, due to the circumstances of the case, should not or could not have foreseen them.”

2. “An act is also considered committed innocently if the person who committed it, although he foresaw the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his actions (inaction), could not prevent these consequences due to the inconsistency of his psychophysiological qualities with the requirements of extreme conditions or neuropsychic overload. »

22. General conditions of criminal liability “…. Only a sane individual who has reached the age established by this Code is subject to criminal liability.”

The age at which a person who has committed a crime is subject to criminal liability is16 years old general rule, 14 years for those who have committed especially dangerous crimes.

23 Two forms of guilt called in law:

1 - intent;

2 - negligence;

Examples characterizing these forms of guilt:

1. The crime is recognized as committed with direct intent,if the person was aware of the social danger of his actions (inaction), foresaw the possibility or inevitability of the occurrence of socially dangerous consequences and desired their occurrence.

The crime is recognized as committedwith indirect intentif the person was aware of the social danger of his actions (inaction), foresaw the possibility of socially dangerous consequences, did not want to, but consciously allowed these consequences, or was indifferent to them.

Examples: tax avoidance;

· forgery, production or sale of counterfeit documents, state awards, stamps, seals of forms;

· deliberate bankruptcy, that is, the deliberate creation or increase of insolvency, committed by the management or owner of a commercial organization, as well as by an individual entrepreneur in the personal interests or interests of other persons, causing major damage or other grave consequences.

2. According to Art. 26 CCa crime committed through negligence,an act committed through frivolity or negligence is recognized.

Examples - Passing by a facility under construction, Citizen K. stopped and lit a cigarette. After he smoked, he threw the cigarette out without looking over his shoulder and fell into a barrel of gasoline that was left by the workers. An explosion occurred and flying fragments killed one person.

R disclosure of state secrets (Article 74), release of substandard, non-standard

24. Three arguments against the position stated in the assignment:

1) intimidation of the population is not the main purpose of punishment;

2) experience shows that the inevitability of punishment, rather than its cruelty, is more effective in preventing crime;

3) severe punishment, including the death penalty, is too high a “payment” for possible judicial errors;

4) as historical experience has shown, the population gradually got used to the severity of punishment in the form of torture and executions and began to treat them as spectacles.

25 . By “sensory cognition” social scientists understandthe initial stage of cognition, giving direct knowledge about objects and their forms

1. one sentence with information about the forms of sensory cognition, based on the knowledge of the course, for example: “The forms of sensory cognition include sensation, perception, and representation.”

2. one sentence containing information about one of the forms of sensory cognition, for example: “Among the sensations, sound, auditory, taste and other sensations are distinguished”

26. Three possible criteria for classifying political parties and the types of parties identified in each of these classifications.

1. criterion: by organizational structure; batch type:mass, personnel

2. criterion: according to ideological orientation; batch type:conservative, liberal, social democratic

3. criterion: participation in government; batch type:ruling, opposition.

27 . two arguments in support of the opinion that the extensive path of development has exhausted itself:

1. most of the land suitable for cultivation is already in agricultural use;

2. the construction of new industrial enterprises requires too much capital investment and is associated with a long period of commissioning industrial facilities;

One rebuttal argumentthe opinion that the extensive path of development has exhausted itself:

in an open labor market, it remains possible to attract additional work force to expand production.

28. “The relationship between education and science in modern society.”

1 . The concept of science and education as a field of spiritual culture

2. Science and education as social institutions of society

2.1 functions of education in modern society

22.development of science as a factor of social progress

2.3 state regulation of science and education

3. The influence of education on science

3.1 training of scientific personnel in higher education

3.2 formation of young people’s ideas about scientific activity

3.3 increase social status young scientists

4. The impact of science on education

4.1 studying the basics of science within school subjects

4.2 turning universities into research centers

5. The importance and prospects for further convergence of science and education

A. LAZEBNIKOVA

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: LEARNING TO MAKE A PLAN

Relatively recently, task C8 appeared in the exam version, which involves drawing up a detailed plan on the proposed topic. In this case, the topic can relate to any content line of the course. Here is the wording of the assignment with evaluation criteria.

Topic 1

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Science as a social institution.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

One of the options for a plan for covering this topic:
1. The concept of “social institution”.
2. The main functions of science in society:

1) educational;
2) educational and ideological;
3) production and technological; 4) social;
5) prognostic.
3. System of scientific institutions:
1) the role of universities in the development of science;
2) academic research organizations
tions;
3) innovation centers.
4. State support for science:
1) increase in government spending on development
development of science;
2) support for young scientists.
5. Ethics of a scientist.
A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, question or mixed forms.

Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions(Other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning.) When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:
the presence of plan items that are required to disclose the proposed topic;
the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic;
compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.

Topic 2

Let's see how the graduates performed task C8.
We offer plans on the topic “The impact of the economy on the social structure of society.” The peculiarity of this topic is that the focus here is on a dynamic process that reflects changes in one area (in this case, social) under the influence of factors related to another area of ​​social life (economic).
It is worth noting that such topics that involve consideration of social phenomena in the development and diversityThere are more and more different connections. And this is quite justified, since this is exactly what social reality itself is - changeable, interpenetrating and interconnected. This means that the ability to see these connections and analyze phenomena in dynamics is an important element of social science training, which, by the way, is enshrined in the educational standard of high school.
Let's consider several options for a plan on this topic, compiled by graduates.

Plan 1
1. The concept of “social structure”.
2. Differentiation of society:
a) by income;
b) in relation to power;
c) by type of profession.

Economic cycles.
Economic cycles are fluctuations in economic activity (economic conditions), consisting of repeated contraction (economic downturn, recession, depression) and expansion (economic recovery) of the economy.

3. The influence of economic cycles on society:
a) peak;
b) recession;
c) bottom;
d) expansion.
4. State social programs:
a) support for low-income unemployed people;
b) development of healthcare;
c) providing social guarantees to the population;
d) youth programs.
5. The role of the economy in the formation of the social structure of society.

Plan 2
1. The concept of economics.
2. The concept of social structure.
3. Types economic systems:

Traditional;
team;
market;
mixed.

4. Functions of the economy in society.
5. Ways the economy influences the social structure:
formation of supply and demand;
competition;
vacancies and job offers;
inflation;
economic crises;
tax policy;
social programs of government funding.
6. Consequences of exposure.
7. The impact of the economy on society in modern Russia.

Plan 3
1. What is economics and its connection with society?
society:
1) the concept of economics;
2) the influence of the economy on the social structure;
3) positive results in interaction.

2. Ways and methods of influencing the economy on the social structure.
3. The results of the impact of the economy on the social structure.

Plan 4
1. Characteristics of social structure.
2. The influence of the economy on the quality of life:

1) employment and unemployment;
2) inflation.
3. Further polarization of society:
1) in the field of property;
2) in access to power;
3) in social status.
3. Various approaches and assessments of this phenomenon.

Comments
We see that these plans differ from each other in the set of components (although there are overlaps), completeness, and detail. But there is something in common between them:
1. Three of them meet the formal requirements: at least three points, with details of at least two of them. The only exception is the third answer, where only one plan item has subparagraphs.

Inflation.
With inflation, the same amount of money will, over time, buy fewer goods and services than before. In this case, they say that over the past time the purchasing power of money has decreased, money has depreciated - it has lost part of its real value

Topic 3
Let's consider a plan on a topic from the field of sociology - “Social control as a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society.”
1. The concept of social control and its importance for the development of society.
2. There are two forms of social control:

1) internal;
2) external.
3. There are following methods social control:
1) insulation;
2) isolation;
3) rehabilitation.

4. Social control is implemented in the process of socialization.
5. Social control is formed by social norms and sanctions.
6. There are types of sanctions:

1) positive;
2) negative;
3) formal;
4) informal.

7. Trends in the development of social control.

Draw up a plan “the relationship between education and science in modern society”

Answers:

Introduction (relevance, historical background, main issues) 1. Science as a field of human knowledge. Features of scientific knowledge. Ways and methods of scientific knowledge. Experiment. 2. The role of education in modern society. Objectives of education. Evolution of approaches and goals of education. 3. The relationship between science and education. Common features and differences between education and science. The influence of science on the economic, social and spiritual activities of people. Current problems of education and ways to solve them. Conclusion.

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