Vegetative propagation- this is reproduction by vegetative organs of plants - roots, shoots or parts thereof. It is based on the ability of plants to regenerate, to restore a whole organism from a part. Gain function vegetative propagation led to significant modification of organs.

Specialized shoots for vegetative propagation are aboveground and underground stolons, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, etc.

Roots can also be organs of vegetative propagation. In some plants (aspen, alder, raspberry, viburnum, sow thistle), adventitious buds are formed on the roots, giving rise to adventitious shoots. When these shoots take root and are subsequently separated from the mother plant, new individuals appear. Plants whose roots produce shoots from adventitious buds are called root suckers, and the shoots developing from these buds are root shoots.

The ability for vegetative propagation by leaves is less pronounced. At the heart of the meadow, adventitious buds are formed on the green leaves located at the base of the shoot and adjacent to the moist substrate. The germination of these buds and the rooting of newly emerging shoots ensure vegetative propagation of the plant.

The vegetative propagation of plants that occurs in nature is called natural vegetative propagation.

The ability of a plant to reproduce by shoots and roots has long been used by humans in plant growing practice. Artificial vegetative propagation of plants usually involves surgical intervention and division of the whole organism into parts.

Vegetative propagation is widely used by humans to obtain crops in a shorter period of time and in larger quantities compared to what can be obtained by propagating the same plants by seeds (for example, propagation of strawberries by stolons, potatoes by tubers). In addition, plants are propagated vegetatively when it is necessary to preserve the varietal qualities of complex hybrids (from the Latin hybrid - cross), which is a number of plants bred and grown by humans. There may be no seeds at all in seedless varieties. Such plants are propagated vegetatively.

The plant can be propagated by dividing the bush. This method is used in floriculture, dividing bushes of phlox, daisies and other plants. By dividing the bush you can propagate gooseberries, currants, and raspberries. Plant propagation by cuttings is widespread (Fig. 1). A cutting is a part of a vegetative organ capable of rooting and forming a new shoot. More often, shoots that are cut into pieces are used to prepare cuttings. There must be buds on the cuttings. With stems cut obliquely at the base, cuttings can be planted directly in specially prepared soil at an angle to the soil surface. But often rooting of cuttings is carried out in boxes with sand while maintaining a certain humidity of the sand and air. If the cuttings are difficult to root, they are pre-treated with a very weak solution of special substances - growth stimulants, providing root formation. New shoots develop from the buds of the cuttings.

Fig.1. Vegetative propagation of plants:
A - various ways vaccinations:
1 - connection of a cutting (scion) with a rootstock having the same stem diameter as the cutting (copulation); 2 - budding (grafting with an eye - a kidney with a section of the cortex); 3, 4 - the cutting and the rootstock have different stem diameters (grafting in splits and under the bark); B - rooted cuttings; B - rooting of cuttings.

When plants develop accessory buds on their roots, plants can be propagated by root cuttings (horseradish, rose hips, etc.).

In indoor floriculture, propagation of some plants by leaf cuttings (begonia, saintpaulia) has become widespread. A piece of leaf or begonia leaf is placed on wet sand. Incisions in the places of branching of large veins accelerate the formation of adventitious buds and roots.

The shoots of many plants take root when they come into contact with the soil. When the connection between the mother individual and the rooted shoot is disrupted, an independent daughter individual appears. Such plant propagation often takes place under natural conditions (bird cherry, euonymus). In practice, for this purpose, branches or individual shoots of plants are bent to the ground and secured in this position. Roots appear in the area of ​​the shoot covered with soil.

An incision on the stem at the point of contact with the ground accelerates root formation, and often the formation of adventitious buds that develop into shoots. This is facilitated by the accumulation of plastic substances near the wound and the influx of growth stimulants. The rooted cuttings are transferred to the permanent planting site. Gooseberries, grapes, currants, cloves, etc. are propagated by layering.

A widespread method of artificial vegetative propagation of plants is grafting. One of its advantages over the above propagation methods is that when using grafting, plants can be propagated; in which the formation of adventitious roots is difficult. Grafting is the transfer of part of one plant (scion) to another (rootstock). Rootstocks are usually plants grown from seeds. The plant that they want to propagate is taken as a scion. As mentioned above, when propagated by seeds of many cultivated varieties, which are often complex hybrids, the offspring produce individuals with characteristics different from those of the mother plant on which the seeds were formed. In order to preserve the qualities of the mother plant, a scion taken from the mother plant is transferred to the rootstock grown from seeds. This achieves the reproduction of a plant that a person needs, with the qualities of a cultivated variety.

There are many different methods of vaccination, which can be combined into two groups. In one case, cuttings serve as a scion, in another case, a bud with a piece of bark and wood. Cuttings of woody plants are harvested in the fall or late winter, stored in a cool place and grafted in early spring before buds open. Cuttings are prepared from annual shoots. If the scion and rootstock have the same stem diameters, then they are cut obliquely so that the planes of their cuts coincide. The junction of the scion and the rootstock is carefully tied with sponge or other material. The bandage is removed after the scion has fused with the rootstock. If the stem diameter of the rootstock is larger than that of the scion, then you can use various options their connections - at the butt, behind the bark, split, etc. (Fig. 1).

The grafting method, in which a bud with a piece of bark and wood (peephole) is used as a scion, is called budding (from the Latin oculus - “eye”, otherwise - peephole grafting). A T-shaped cut in the bark is made on the rootstock with a sharp knife. The edges of the rootstock bark are carefully folded back and a peephole is inserted. The scion bud protrudes outward. The junction of the scion and rootstock is tied. Most often, budding is done at the end of summer, but it can also be done in the spring. Eyes are taken from annual shoots. Select the largest buds from fruit-bearing plants of the variety that you want to propagate. In case of successful grafting, when the fusion of the scion and rootstock is ensured, the eye gives rise to a shoot. The shoots developing from the buds of the rootstock are cut off. The new plant represents an organism in which the root system is inherited from the rootstock, and almost the entire above-ground part is the shoot system of the scion.

Plants consist of organs such as vegetative and reproductive. Each of them is responsible for certain functions. Vegetative organs are responsible for development and nutrition, and the reproductive organs of plants are involved in reproduction. These include flower, seed and fruit. They are responsible for the “birth” of offspring.

Vegetative organs

The appearance of vegetative organs was associated with the need to receive nutrients from the soil. These include:

• The root is the main organ of every plant growing in the ground.
• The escape.
• Stem.
• Leaves responsible for photosynthesis.
• Kidneys.

The root is characteristic of all plants, as it holds them and nourishes them, extracting useful substances from the water. It is from this that the shoots come from which the leaves grow.

When sowing seeds, the root is the first to sprout. It is the main organ of the plant. After the root gains strength, a shoot system appears. Then a stem is formed. It bears side shoots in the form of leaves and buds.

The stem supports the leaves and conducts nutrients from the roots to them. It can also store water during droughts.

Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange. In some plants they also perform other functions, such as storing substances or reproduction.

During the process of evolution, organs change. This allows plants to adapt and survive in nature. New species are appearing, which are increasingly unique and unpretentious.

Root

The vegetative organ that holds the stem is involved in the process of absorbing water and nutrients from the soil throughout the life of the plant.

It arose after the advent of sushi. The root helped plants adapt to changes in the earth. IN modern world There are still rootless ones left - moss and psilot-like ones.

In angiosperms, root development begins with the embryo entering the ground. As it develops, a stable organ appears from which a shoot sprouts.

The root is protected by a sheath, which helps to obtain nutrients. This is due to its structure and the content of a large amount of starch.

Stem

Axial vegetative organ. The stem bears leaves, buds and flowers. It is a conductor of nutrients from the root system to other plant organs. The stem of herbaceous species is also capable of photosynthesis, like the leaves.

It is capable of performing the following functions: storage and reproduction. The structure of the stem is a cone. The epidermis, or tissue, is the primary bark of some plant species. In peduncles it is looser, and in shoots, for example sunflower, it is lamellar.

The function of photosynthesis is performed due to the fact that the stem contains a chloroplast. This substance converts carbon dioxide and water into organic products. The supply of substances occurs due to starch, which is not consumed during the growth period.

Interestingly, in monocotyledonous plants the stem retains its structure throughout the entire life cycle. In dicotyledons it changes. This can be seen in the cut of trees where growth rings form.

Sheet

This is a lateral vegetative organ. The leaves differ in appearance, structure and functions. The organ is involved in photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.

• Brush - bird cherry, lily of the valley.
• The cob is of corn.
• Basket - chamomile or dandelion.
• Umbrellas are at the cherry tree.
• The shield is near the pear.

Complex inflorescences are represented by several simple ones. Their origin is related to the function of fertilization. The greater the number of flowers, the faster the pollen is transferred.

Fetus

The reproductive organs of plants primarily perform the function of reproduction. The fruit protects the seeds from their premature dissemination. They can be dry or juicy. Seeds are formed inside the fruit, gradually ripening. Some of them are equipped with devices that help them spread, for example, a dandelion scatters in the wind.

Main types of fruits:

1. Single-seeded with three layers - cherry, apricot, peach.
2. Multi-seeded with pulp - grapes.

A dry multi-seeded fruit comes with a partition - cabbage, and without it - peas. Oak has one seed.

The reproductive organs of flowering plants are designed so that seeds are dispersed in several ways:

• On water.
• By air.
• With the help of animals.
• Self-spreading.

The organs are designed so that plants undergo the process from root formation to reproduction. The fruits have adapted to be carried by animals. This is ensured by such devices as holds, parachutes, color accents and pleasant taste.

Seed

Knowing which plant organs are reproductive, you can understand exactly how they reproduce. The seed reproduces offspring and disperses them for subsequent cultivation. It consists of the peel, the germ and nutrients coming from the stem.

The seed contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In fact, the embryo is the rudiments of the stem, root and leaves. It is the main part of the seed and comes with one or two cotyledons.

Seeds are also divided into several different types. Some have nutrients in the endosperm, while others have no tissue for storage.

The seed coat protects from the external environment, wind and animals. Once mature, it helps disperse the plant. Some species store nutrients in the peel.

Seeds are food for people and animals. Their importance on earth is quite high, just like that of the fruit. These plant organs participate in the life cycle of insects and animals, thereby providing them with food.

Higher plants

IN flora everything is designed so that organisms have the opportunity to grow constantly. Higher plants have organs such as shoots and roots. They differ in that during the process of fertilization an embryo appears.

The reproductive organs of higher plants, interacting with vegetative ones, change their life phases. They include four departments:

• Ferns grow in moist places. These include horsetails and mosses. Their structure includes root, stem and leaves.
• Bryophytes are an intermediate group. Their body consists of tissue, but they do not have blood vessels. They live in both wet and dry soil. Moss reproduces not only by spores, but also by sexual and vegetative means.
• Gymnosperms. The most ancient plants. Most often these include coniferous trees and shrubs. They do not bloom, and their fruits form a cone with seeds inside.
• Angiosperms. The most common plants. They differ in that the seeds are securely hidden under the skin of the fruit. Reproduction occurs in several ways. They differ in that they have female and male genital organs in their structure.

All these plants have been growing and developing on earth for quite a long time. They differ from each other in the method of reproduction and the presence of certain organs. However, it should be noted that vegetation has a great influence on human life.

Flowering plants

This species is the most numerous in the plant world. Flowering plants, or angiosperms, have grown on the planet since ancient times. In the process of evolution, ferns have divided into many species.

The main reproductive organs of flowering plants are seeds. They are protected by the fruit, which helps them to be better preserved until they spread. Interestingly, this group of plants is the only one that can form multi-tiered communities. In turn, flowers are divided into two subspecies: monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

The main difference between flowering plants is that the reproductive organs of plants are the flower, fruit and seed. Pollination occurs through wind, water, insects and animals. In the structure of the plant there is a female and male prothallus, and double fertilization also occurs.

During germination, the seed is saturated with water and swells, then the reserve substances are broken down and provide energy for germination. From the embryo a sprout emerges, which later becomes a flower, tree or grass.

Gymnosperms

These include not only coniferous, but also deciduous trees. Grows in the deserts of Kenya amazing plant, which has only two large sheets. Its relative is ephedra. This gymnosperm, which has small round berries.

Pollination process

As you know, the reproductive organs of a plant include the flower, fruit and seed. For the fertilization process to occur, pollination is necessary, which helps the emergence of offspring.

In angiosperms, fusion of male and female cells occurs. This is achieved through the cross-transfer process of pollen from one flower to another. In some cases, self-pollination occurs.

For cross pollination Helpers are needed. First of all, these are insects. They feast on sweet pollen and transfer it from flower to flower on their stigmas and wings. After this, the reproductive organs of plants begin their work. Flowers that are pollinated by insects are painted in bright and rich shades. After coloring, they are attracted by the scent. Insects smell the flower when they are at a sufficiently large distance from it.

Wind-pollinated plants are also equipped with special adaptations. Their anthers are quite loosely located, so the wind carries the pollen. For example, poplar blooms during winds. This makes it possible to spread pollen from one tree to another without obstacles.

There are plants that small birds help in pollination. Their flowers do not have a strong aroma, but are bright red in color. This attracts birds to drink the nectar and pollination occurs at the same time.

Evolution of plants

After the advent of sushi, nature changed. Plants gradually evolved, and ferns were replaced by flowers, shrubs and trees. This happened due to the appearance of the root system, tissues and cells.

Due to the diversity of the reproductive organs of angiosperms, more and more species and subspecies appeared. For reproduction, spores and seeds containing reproductive cells began to appear.

Gradually shoots, leaves and fruits appeared. After reaching land, plants developed in two directions. Some (gametophytic) had two phases of development, others (sporophytic) passed from one cycle to another.

Plants adapted and evolved. Spore species began to reach 40 meters in height. More and more new reproductive organs of plants began to appear. Their evolution depended on the influence of the external environment.

An embryo was formed inside the seed, which germinated after fertilization and atomization. Getting into the ground, he fed useful substances and turned into a sprout.

The evolution of the fertilization process led to the emergence of angiosperms, in which the seeds were protected by the fruit.

The importance of plants for humans

Benefit natural world priceless for people. Plants not only emit gases, salts and water, but also convert organic matter into those necessary for life. Gas exchange occurs with the help of the root system, shoots and leaves.

Green plants accumulate valuable organic substances, clean the air from carbon dioxide, while saturating it with oxygen.

Thanks to natural resources people receive more valuable products necessary for life. Plants become food for animals and humans. They are used to treat various diseases and in the production of cosmetics.

Since the reproductive organ of a plant is the fruit and seed, they have become indispensable in human nutrition. Almost everyone loves berries that grow on bushes. Interestingly, coal and oil also came from vegetation. Peat bogs are the birthplace of algae and ferns.

The vegetative and reproductive organs of flowering plants play an important role in their life. They are responsible for nutrition, development and reproduction. When life cycle ends, the seeds spread around and new plants sprout.

Name of the organ and its functions	Structural features
Vegetative organs of flowering plants To maintain plant life: for nutrition, respiration, growth and development
Roots are one of the main vegetative organs of higher plants. The primary root, formed during the development of the embryo, during germination in some plants forever remains the longest and most noticeable in the root system. It turns into the main root, from which the lateral ones grow. The main tasks it performs are the absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil, their transfer to above-ground organs, as well as the fixation of the plant itself in the soil. In some plants, the root serves as a reservoir for reserve nutrients. In root-sprouting plants, vegetative propagation is carried out using roots.
A shoot is an above-ground organ of a plant that arose as an adaptation to life in the airy environment of land. A shoot consists of a stem, leaves and/or buds. The stem is adapted to the movement of substances throughout the plant and to holding leaves and carrying them towards the light, and performs a supporting function. Leaves perform the most important functions of photosynthesis, transpiration and gas exchange. Thanks to the buds, the shoot can branch and create a shoot system, increasing the plant's feeding area.
Reproductive organs of flowering plants For the formation of offspring
A flower is the reproductive organ of angiosperms, intended for the formation of spores and gametes, the process of fertilization with the subsequent formation of seeds and fruits	a - peduncle; b - receptacle; c - calyx; g - corolla; d - filament; e - anther; g - stigma; h - column; and - ovary; k - pestle.
New plants grow from the seeds, similar to the mother ones.	Seed - formed from the ovule after double fertilization. Each seed consists of integument, an embryo and a supply of nutrients. The seed coat develops from the integument of the ovule and can be soft, leathery, filmy and hard (woody). The embryo is a plant in its infancy and consists of an embryonic root, a stalk, cotyledons and a bud. The embryo develops from a zygote formed as a result of the fusion of a sperm with an egg.
The fruit is the reproductive organ of angiosperms, providing seed propagation of plants. It is designed to form, protect and distribute seeds. The fruit develops from the flower.	The outer zone is called the extracarp or exocarp; middle - intercarp or mesocarp; internal - intracarp or endocarp.

Vegetative propagation of plants. Methods of natural and artificial vegetative propagation of plants

Natural vegetative propagation occurs through the following organs:

1. Rosettes of leaves, “whiskers”.

2. Scourges - above-ground leafy shoots with a leaf rosette at the end.

3. Rhizomes - underground shoots bearing dormant buds.

4. Root shoots - shoots formed from dormant buds of plant roots.

5. Bulb. Bulbous plants are divided into two groups: evergreen and deciduous, the latter, in turn, according to the location of the baby bulbs, are divided into underground, aerial - stem, located in the axils of the leaves, and in the form of inflorescences filled with bulbs.

6. Root tubers, or modified roots - receptacles for nutrients. The root tubers themselves are unsuitable for propagation, since they do not have dormant buds, like true tubers of stem origin. Therefore, they are separated with a piece of the root collar with one or two buds.

8. Stem tubers. There are stem tubers with limited growth, i.e., those that stop growing at the end of the growing season, and stem tubers with continued growth in subsequent growing seasons.

TO artificial means vegetative propagation include the following.

1. Dividing the bush is the easiest way. Typically, rhizomatous plants are propagated in this way, especially those that bush closely and form a large number of above-ground shoots coming from the roots or rhizomes.

2. Cuttings - a method of vegetative propagation by rooting certain parts of the plant. Cuttings can be root, leaf, or stem. Stem cuttings are divided into lignified, semi-lignified and green.

3. Layers - rooted shoots that have developed on the mother plant.

Horizontal layering. Young branches are placed in shallow grooves, pinned, and as the shoots grow, they are spudded 2-4 times per season.

Air layering. Leaves are cut off at the site of desired rooting. First, saw the pot lengthwise, adjusting the bottom hole to the diameter of the stem at the rooting site. The trunk is wrapped in moss, a pot is attached to it with pegs, filled with light soil and watered. For better root formation, longitudinal cuts are made on the trunk. The pot can be replaced by wrapping the shoot in plastic wrap.

Vertical layers. If you cut young tree, a vigorously growing stump shoot appears. When the shoots reach 8 - 10 cm in height, the first hilling is carried out (necessarily with nutritious soil for 2/3 - 3/4 of their length), the second - when the length of the shoots is 15 - 18 cm, the third, when their length reaches 45 - 50 cm. At the end of September, the soil is removed, rooted shoots are cut off and planted in a nursery or in a permanent place.

4. Grafting consists of transferring parts of one plant to another and merging them, which allows you to preserve the varietal characteristics of the grafted plant. The plant or part of it on which the grafting is carried out is called the rootstock, and the grafted part is called the scion. The scion can be a bud with a small piece of bark and wood (the so-called peephole, or shield) or a cutting, i.e., part of a shoot (branch) with all the buds on it.

Vegetative propagation of plants- this is reproduction using vegetative organs - roots, shoots, leaves or even a small part of it. With vegetative propagation, new plants are exactly the same as the mother plant.

No genetic changes are noted in the new plant and all the characteristics of the mother plant are completely repeated in the daughter plant.

Vegetative propagation of plants is used

1. If plants, when propagated by seed, do not repeat the maternal qualities, in other words, if a plant in the first generation is grown from the seeds of an F1 hybrid, then seeds cannot be taken from such a plant, because the new plants will not be similar to the maternal one. Such plants include numerous hybrids of vegetables, as well as roses, gladioli, tulips, dahlias, some varieties of petunias, phlox, edelweiss, lilac, nephrolepis, weigela.

2. If some plants do not produce viable seeds or are grown in conditions where the seeds do not ripen. Such plants, for example, include ficus, fuchsia, reed, dracaena, alocasia, calathea, arrowroot, indoor jasmine, pelargonium, mantle, pancratium, and some variegated forms of plants.

3. If vegetative propagation is economically profitable, for example, if you are preparing plants for sale: to obtain short plants, for faster and earlier flowering.

4. If vegetative propagation is much easier than seed propagation. In some plants, for example, privet, astilbe, lemongrass, zamioculcas, chokeberry, Elwoodi cypress. The seeds of these plants must undergo difficult conditions in preparation for sowing. Even after long-term stratification, the seeds are very difficult to germinate, but cuttings from these plants, on the contrary, are very easy to do. In Selaginella, seed propagation is almost impossible at home, since seed propagation requires male and female spores, and this is very difficult to do even in the laboratory. Therefore, vegetative propagation of selaginella - by dividing the bush or cuttings - is the only method of propagation at home.

5. Vegetative propagation is also used to prolong the juvenile phases of plant development. The juvenile phase is the “youthful” period of a plant; it lasts from seed germination to the formation of the first buds. During this period, the vegetative organs of plants are formed: roots, stems, leaves grow. It is better to renew plants such as cyperus all the time, otherwise cyperus quickly turns yellow.

Widely practiced in industrial floriculture vegetative propagation of plants, because its advantages are undeniable: plants grown from seeds bloom much later than with vegetative propagation. For example, amaryllis from seeds will bloom in the fifth year, and when propagated by a daughter bulb - after three years.

Also, vegetatively propagated plants are lower in height. For example, marigolds, verbena or ageratum, when propagated by seed, grow up to half a meter in height, and such tall plants can no longer be used when creating borders. And with vegetative propagation of these plants, cuttings produce new plants with a height of only 15-20 centimeters with very strong flowering. (So ​​this is the secret of the lush flowering of urban flower beds!) But vegetative propagation also has its drawbacks: plants have low immunity, they are more susceptible to diseases, and are less durable.

Vegetative propagation of plants can be artificial and natural

Artificial vegetative propagation- propagation by cuttings, leaves, part of a leaf. The success of vegetative artificial propagation depends on the soil mixture in which new plants take root, moisture, lighting, air temperature, as well as on the varietal characteristics of the plant and its age. During spring pruning indoor plants, such as clerodendrum, blue passionflower, many shoots remain that take root easily. And Saintpaulia and Gloxinia can be propagated by leaves.

At natural vegetative propagation vegetative organs are involved, which easily take root themselves.

Natural vegetative organs of plant reproduction

1. For example, nephrolepis, chlorophytum, garden strawberry, saxifrage reproduce mustache, or stolons. All plants that reproduce by tendrils, or stolons, are characterized by rosette growth.

2.Some plants let go aboveground shoots - lashes. Whiskers and whiskers are very similar. A rosette is also formed at the end of the lash. Scourges are formed by the creeping tenacious. In the internodes, in places of contact with the ground, roots form on the vines. In this way you can root grapes, clematis, and virgin grapes. In the spring, the whip is placed on the ground, covered with soil, and in the fall the whip can be cut into internodes and planted as independent plants.

3. In some plants, offspring. Many bulbous plants form offspring bulbs at the base. Pineapple, bromeliad, and date palm reproduce with such offspring. In sympodial orchids, the lateral shoots on the rhizomes can also be called suckers.

If there are few offspring, their growth can be stimulated. To do this, the rosette is cut off with a small part of the stem and rooted, and the remaining plant quickly produces offspring.

4. Some plants produce root growth. Anyone who grows plums in the garden is well acquainted with root shoots)).

5. There are plants with dropping shoots. These include some cacti and succulents, for example, mamilaria, bryophyllium (better known as Kalanchoe), sempervivum. Once on the ground, the shoots quickly take root and begin to grow.

6. Some plants form daughter bulbs, tubers, corms, pseudobulbs, rhizomes- modified organs involved in vegetative reproduction. Plants accumulate nutrients in these organs. Perennial plants reproduce in this way: hyacinth, iris, tulip, lily, tigridia, phlox, daylily, snowdrop, clivia, amaryllis, crinum, oxalis, peony and many other rhizomatous plants.

3. leaf venation

4. type of root system

Multilayer epithelial tissue includes epithelium...

1. outer layer of skin

2. stomach walls

3. intestinal walls

4. walls of the respiratory tract

What organs ensure vegetative propagation of plants? Choose 3 correct answers

3. aboveground shoots

three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) seeds
2) tubers
3) above-ground shoots
4) flowers
5) fruits
6) roots

2. Establish a correspondence between the animal and the type of its postembryonic

development. To do this, select a position for each element of the first column
from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.
ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT TYPE DEVELOPMENT TYPE

2) indirect

A) ordinary

B) white hare
B) cockchafer
D) cob newt
D) brown bear

3, Arrange in the correct order the processes of excretion from the body of fish

harmful metabolic products dissolved in water, starting from intake
blood to the kidneys. Write down the appropriate sequence in your answer.
numbers
1) removal of urine through the urethra
2) drainage of urine from the kidneys through the ureters
3) the flow of urine into the bladder
4) the passage of blood through the blood vessels of the kidneys
5) filtration by the kidneys of the fluid that enters it and the formation of urine

tubers 3) aboveground shoots 4) flowers 5) fruits 6) roots Establish a correspondence between the animal and the type of its postembryonic development. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table. ANIMAL TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT A) common snake B) mountain hare C) cockchafer D) crested newt E) brown bear 1) direct 2) indirect