Municipal educational institution

Secondary school No. 3

Customs and mores in the 17th century

"The Peasantry: Everyday Life and Customs"

Work completed:

Student of grade 7 "B"

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 3

Chernyavskaya Alina

I checked the work:

History teacher

Stepanchenko I.M.

Kotelnikovo 2009

Introduction

Main part

1 Lifestyle of peasants

2 Peasant community; community and family; life "on the world".

3 Peasant yard.

4 Nutrition of peasants.

Application

Introduction

Recreation of the Middle Ages helped to realize that nature was a habitat and livelihood for peasants, it determined their way of life, occupations, and under its influence the culture and traditions of the Russian people developed. Russian folklore, fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, sayings, and songs arose in the peasant environment, which reflected various aspects of peasant life: work, leisure, family, traditions.

Main part

1. Peasant lifestyle

Labor, work ethic. Collectivism and mutual assistance, mutual responsibility, equalizing principle. Rhythms of peasant life. The abundance of holidays in traditional folk culture. A combination of everyday life and holidays. Everyday life, holiday life. Patriarchal nature of peasant life. Types of creativity in peasant life, positions of self-realization and self-service. Social ideal. Popular piety, axiology of the peasant world. Ranking of everyday life according to demographic and property characteristics. With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days became official holidays church calendar: Christmas, Easter, Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules holidays should be devoted to pious deeds and religious rites. Working on holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor also worked on holidays

2. Peasant community; community and family; life "on the world"

In the 17th century, a peasant family usually consisted of no more than 10 people.

These were parents and children. The head of the family was considered the oldest man.

Church rules prohibited girls from marrying under 12 years of age, boys under 15 years of age, and blood relatives.

The marriage could have been concluded no more than three times. But at the same time, even a second marriage was considered a great sin, for which church punishments were imposed.

Since the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church. Weddings are usually celebrated in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work.

A newborn child had to be baptized in church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be a basic, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. The church forbade burying a child who died unbaptized in a cemetery. The next rite - "tonsuring" - was carried out a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godfather (godparents) cut a lock of the child’s hair and gave a ruble. After the haircuts, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later it became known as the “day of the angel”), and the birthday. The Tsar's name day was considered an official public holiday.

3. Peasant yard

The peasant yard usually included: a hut covered with shingles or straw, heated “black”; a cage for storing property; cattle shed, barn. In winter, peasants kept (piglets, calves, lambs) in their huts. Poultry (chickens, geese, ducks). Because of the furnace of the hut “in black” interior walls the houses were heavily smoked. For lighting, a torch was used, which was inserted into the stove crevices.

The peasant hut was quite meager, and consisted of simple tables and benches, but also for sleeping, fixed along the wall (they served not only for sitting, but also for sleeping). In winter, peasants slept on the stove.

The material for clothing was homespun canvas, sheep skins (sheepskin) and animals caught in hunting (usually wolves and bears). Shoes were mainly bast shoes. Wealthy peasants wore pistons (pistons) - shoes made from one or two pieces of leather and gathered around the ankle with a strap, and sometimes boots.

4. Peasant nutrition

Food was cooked in a Russian oven in earthenware. The basis of nutrition was grain crops - rye, wheat, oats, millet. Bread and pies were baked from rye (sowing) and wheat (on holidays) flour. Jelly, beer and kvass were made from oats. A lot was eaten - cabbage, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, turnips. On holidays they cooked in small quantities meat dishes. Fish became a more common product on the table. Wealthy peasants had garden trees that provided them with apples, plums, cherries, and pears. In the northern regions of the country, peasants collected cranberries, lingonberries, and blueberries; in the central regions - strawberries. Hazelnuts were also used as food.

Conclusion:

Thus, despite the preservation of the basic features of traditional life, customs and morals, in the 17th century significant changes took place in the life and everyday life of all classes, based on both Eastern and Western influences.

Application

Peasant in traditional clothes

Peasant costume.

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The 18th century is a period of real contrasts. Everyday life, as well as the way of life of the Russian people, completely depended on what niche a person occupied in society.

In post-Petrine Russia, luxurious social receptions and the arrogant luxury of the life of the nobility stood next to the hungry and difficult existence of the serfs. Unfortunately, this did not cause any discomfort on the part of the former. And the profound differences between the lives of the upper and lower classes were taken for granted.

Life of nobles in the 18th century

Prestige, high position in society, often reinforced material well-being, allowed the Russian aristocracy to lead an idle lifestyle. Public idleness - this is how one can characterize the main occupation of the noble nobility.

The life of the pedigree families seemed to be tied only to secular receptions. The houses in which the aristocracy lived were spacious and richly decorated. Their design is already beginning to be influenced by the Western trend of educational absolutism.

Every home had libraries filled with books by Western authors. The living room was a wide hall, often with a fireplace. But all the efforts of the nobility to arrange a beautiful home for themselves consisted not in the desire to achieve comfort, but, first of all, not to fall face down in front of the high society, since social receptions and balls were very often held in the houses.

However, the idleness of high society also brought its positive results - the concepts of honor, morals and education, which were the cult of the nobility, were able to significantly raise the culture of Russia. Primary education for young children was provided by specially hired foreign teachers.

Later, upon reaching the age of 15-17, they were sent to educational institutions closed type, where boys were taught military strategy, and girls were taught mainly rules good manners and the basics of family life.

The distribution of family responsibilities was rather blurred. Men had no need to earn money, since stable income from property was often sufficient for an idle life; the main function of a woman was rather not raising children, but searching for a profitable match for them, which actually began from the infancy of the child.

Provincial nobility

Representatives of the provincial nobility felt that they were lagging behind their metropolitan relatives, so they structured their life in such a way as to correspond to them in everything. Often this represented a kind of caricature of the aristocracy.

The noble estate was often a copy of the houses of the St. Petersburg nobility. However, here, next to the beautiful and luxurious houses, there were many outbuildings where living creatures lived. The families of provincial nobles received their main income from the taxation of serfs.

Their life was hopeless and devoid of any cultural development. He did not even attach much importance to the education of his children. Very often, the children of nobles completed their educational process at the stage of learning the basics of arithmetic and grammar.

Lack of education gave rise to complete ignorance, and as a result - neglect of their metropolitan aristocracy. The main leisure activity of men was hunting, women got together and talked about fashion and the imperial court, without having a reliable idea of ​​either one or the other.

Life of peasants in the 18th century

Six days a week, serfs were forced to work for the landowner. The lack of time and money determined their simple life. On Sundays and holidays they were forced to work on their own land plots in order to somehow provide food for their family, which often had up to 10 children.

Introduction

Recreation of the Middle Ages helped to realize that nature was a habitat and livelihood for peasants, it determined their way of life, occupations, and under its influence the culture and traditions of the Russian people developed. Russian folklore, fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, sayings, and songs arose in the peasant environment, which reflected various aspects of peasant life: work, leisure, family, traditions.

Peasant lifestyle

Labor, work ethic. Collectivism and mutual assistance, mutual responsibility, equalizing principle. Rhythms of peasant life. The abundance of holidays in traditional folk culture. A combination of everyday life and holidays. Everyday life, holiday life. Patriarchal nature of peasant life. Types of creativity in peasant life, positions of self-realization and self-service. Social ideal. Popular piety, axiology of the peasant world. Ranking of everyday life according to demographic and property characteristics. With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days of the church calendar became official holidays: Christmas, Easter, Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays should have been devoted to pious deeds and religious rituals. Working on holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor also worked on holidays

Peasant community; community and family; life "on the world"

In the 17th century, a peasant family usually consisted of no more than 10 people.

These were parents and children. The head of the family was considered the oldest man.

Church rules prohibited girls from marrying under 12 years of age, boys under 15 years of age, and blood relatives.

The marriage could have been concluded no more than three times. But at the same time, even a second marriage was considered a great sin, for which church punishments were imposed.

Since the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church. Weddings are usually celebrated in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work.

A newborn child had to be baptized in church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be a basic, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. The church forbade burying a child who died unbaptized in a cemetery. The next rite - "tonsuring" - was carried out a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godfather (godparents) cut a lock of the child’s hair and gave a ruble. After the haircuts, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later it became known as the “day of the angel”), and the birthday. The Tsar's name day was considered an official public holiday.

Peasant yard

The peasant yard usually included: a hut covered with shingles or straw, heated “black”; a cage for storing property; cattle shed, barn. In winter, peasants kept (piglets, calves, lambs) in their huts. Poultry (chickens, geese, ducks). Due to the black fire of the hut, the interior walls of the houses were heavily smoked. For lighting, a torch was used, which was inserted into the stove crevices.

The peasant hut was quite meager, and consisted of simple tables and benches, but also for sleeping, fixed along the wall (they served not only for sitting, but also for sleeping). In winter, peasants slept on the stove.

The material for clothing was homespun canvas, sheep skins (sheepskin) and animals caught in hunting (usually wolves and bears). Shoes were mainly bast shoes. Wealthy peasants wore pistons (pistons) - shoes made from one or two pieces of leather and gathered around the ankle with a strap, and sometimes boots.

Municipal educational institution

Secondary school No. 3

Customs and mores in the 17th century

"The Peasantry: Everyday Life and Customs"

Work completed:

Student of grade 7 "B"

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 3

Chernyavskaya Alina

I checked the work:

History teacher

Stepanchenko I.M.

Kotelnikovo 2009

INTRODUCTION

Main part

1 Lifestyle of peasants

2 Peasant community; community and family; life "on the world".

3 Peasant yard.

4 Nutrition of peasants.

Application

INTRODUCTION

Recreation of the Middle Ages helped to realize that nature was a habitat and livelihood for peasants, it determined their way of life, occupations, and under its influence the culture and traditions of the Russian people developed. Russian folklore, fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, sayings, and songs arose in the peasant environment, which reflected various aspects of peasant life: work, leisure, family, traditions.

Main part

1. Peasant lifestyle

Labor, work ethic. Collectivism and mutual assistance, mutual responsibility, equalizing principle. Rhythms of peasant life. The abundance of holidays in traditional folk culture. A combination of everyday life and holidays. Everyday life, holiday life. Patriarchal nature of peasant life. Types of creativity in peasant life, positions of self-realization and self-service. Social ideal. Popular piety, axiology of the peasant world. Ranking of everyday life according to demographic and property characteristics. With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days of the church calendar became official holidays: Christmas, Easter, Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays should have been devoted to pious deeds and religious rituals. Working on holidays was considered a sin. At the same time, the poor also worked on holidays

2. Peasant community; community and family; life "on the world"

In the 17th century, a peasant family usually consisted of no more than 10 people.

These were parents and children. The head of the family was considered the oldest man.

Church rules prohibited girls from marrying under 12 years of age, boys under 15 years of age, and blood relatives.

The marriage could have been concluded no more than three times. But with all this, even a second marriage was considered a great sin, for which church punishments were imposed.

Since the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church. Weddings are usually celebrated in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work.

A newborn child had to be baptized in church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be a basic, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. The church forbade burying a child who died unbaptized in a cemetery. The next rite - "tonsuring" - was carried out a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godfather (godparents) cut a lock of the child’s hair and gave a ruble. After the haircuts, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later it became known as the “day of the angel”), and the birthday. The Tsar's name day was considered an official public holiday.

3. Peasant yard

The peasant yard usually included: a hut covered with shingles or straw, heated “black”; a cage for storing property; cattle shed, barn. In winter, peasants kept (piglets, calves, lambs) in their huts. Poultry (chickens, geese, ducks). Due to the black fire of the hut, the interior walls of the houses were heavily smoked. For lighting, a torch was used, which was inserted into the stove crevices.

The peasant hut was quite meager, and consisted of simple tables and benches, but also for sleeping, fixed along the wall (they served not only for sitting, but also for sleeping). In winter, peasants slept on the stove.

The material for clothing was homespun canvas, sheep skins (sheepskin) and animals caught in hunting (usually wolves and bears). Shoes were mainly bast shoes. Wealthy peasants wore pistons (pistons) - shoes made from one or two pieces of leather and gathered around the ankle with a strap, and sometimes boots.

4. Peasant nutrition

Food was prepared in a Russian oven in earthenware. The basis of nutrition was grain crops - rye, wheat, oats, millet. Bread and pies were baked from rye (sowing) and wheat (on holidays) flour. Jelly, beer and kvass were made from oats. A lot was eaten - cabbage, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, turnips. On holidays, meat dishes were prepared in small quantities. Fish became a more common product on the table. Wealthy peasants had garden trees that provided them with apples, plums, cherries, and pears. In the northern regions of the country, peasants collected cranberries, lingonberries, and blueberries; in the central regions - strawberries. Hazelnuts were also used as food.

Conclusion:

Thus, despite the preservation of the basic features of traditional life, customs and morals, in the 17th century significant changes took place in the life and everyday life of all classes, based on both Eastern and Western influences.

Application

Peasant in traditional clothes

Peasant costume.

In the 17th century it was associated with the church. At birth he was baptized in church; newlyweds were married in church; the deceased was buried in the church. The service was held according to church books. Some families read moral books about the lives of saints. The sprouts of new things in different areas of life were reflected in the views of people of the 17th century. New values ​​appeared in society, a new perception of reality, and a person’s worldview changed.

Along with obedience and fulfilling the will of elders, which was highly valued in previous centuries, interest in independent actions is awakened. The desire for knowledge and education, the desire to understand and explain what is happening around is valued. More attention is paid to man and his earthly affairs. All these changes were reflected in culture.

The spiritual world of the peasant was closely connected with nature and was based on the experience of generations. In resolving many issues, the peasants acted according to custom: how their great-grandfathers and grandfathers lived and acted.

Traditionality in peasant culture could be traced in folk art and folklore. In winter, young people gathered “for gatherings” in some spacious hut. Fairy tales and legends were told there, ancient songs were sung. In the summer, they held round dances and organized games with songs and recitatives.

Life in the city changed faster than in the countryside. It was city life that determined the further development of the country. In the urban environment, secular (non-church) culture took root faster than in the peasant environment. Noble people began to teach their children not only literacy, but also the sciences, Greek and Latin, and created new furnishings in the house according to the Western model. Material from the site

Golitsyn's house. The Moscow house of boyar Golitsyn amazed Muscovites. It was a two-story stone building fashionable in the 1680s. facade architecture, with many large glazed windows. The halls and rooms of the palace were filled with furniture: there were chairs and armchairs, secretaries, tables and supplies for precious dishes. The walls were decorated with paintings, portraits of Russian and foreign sovereigns; Geographical maps hung in gilded frames on the walls. Large mirrors shone in the spaces between the windows. IN different rooms there were hours of amazing artistic work. The bedroom contained a canopy bed. The chambers were illuminated by a chandelier hanging from the ceiling. One room was reserved for a library, where handwritten and printed books in Russian, Polish, German languages.