Some parents believe that children under the age of majority, being in their care, must obey them in everything. However, it is not. Every child, like an adult, has his own rights, which are protected by the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. The initial version of the document was adopted in 1924. The Geneva Declaration consisted of 5 main points.

In 1959, a new Declaration was adopted by the United Nations. The updated version of the document reveals children's rights based on ten rules. It also stipulates the responsibilities of adults towards minors. The principles of the Declaration are enshrined in the constitutions of many countries.

The most important rights of the child enshrined in law

The rights of children who are citizens of the Russian Federation can be found in the Family Code of Russia. They are divided into personal and property. The full list and brief content looks like this:

Summary of the 10 principles of the Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child

Having adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the UN considered it necessary to adopt a separate document proclaiming the rights of children, especially those in need of legal protection “both before and after birth.” Let us briefly consider the most important rules of the Declaration. There are only 10 of them:

Rule 1. Neither the country in which the baby was born, nor the color of his skin, nor age, nor social status should affect his rights. All minors are equal and should have equal rights, which no one should lower, limit or cancel.

Rule 2. Each person has his own dignity. Children have it too, so every child has the right to feel important. Legislation must provide all conditions for the moral, spiritual and physical development of the younger generation.

Rule 3. Having been born, every child on the planet has the right to his own name, which his mother and father must give him. He receives citizenship from the state.

Rule 4. All babies, both before birth (while in the womb) and after it, have the right to special care and medical assistance provided by the state. In addition, they have the right to housing and nutritious food.

Rule 5. If a child is disabled, he is still a member of society and, like other children, has all the above rights. Such babies require special attention and care. According to this principle of the Declaration, the state must provide them with special educational programs.

Rule 6. A child has the right to receive the love of his father and mother, their attention and understanding, as well as the protection of the state of which he is a citizen. Children have the right to be raised in a family; they cannot be separated from their mothers without good reason. If a minor child is left without parental care, the state must take care of him.

Rule 7. Every minor has the right to study for free. This thesis of the UN Declaration states that the primary level of education should be accessible and free for every child. Children should be provided with opportunities for play and entertainment that are consistent with educational goals. Parents, in turn, must teach their children to be responsible and useful to society.

Rule 8. Minor citizens have the right to receive help out of turn if the choice is between them and other people who also need state protection. Childhood should always be a priority.

Rule 9. The state has an obligation to protect children from abuse and labor exploitation. Principle number nine states that no child should perform harmful, dangerous work, or engage in work incompatible with his normal development.

Rule 10. Any form of discrimination should not be encouraged by people raising a child. The tenth thesis is especially relevant today. In order for a child to organically fit into society as he grows up, parents are obliged to teach him to take care of his neighbors and find a common language with the people around him.

What liability is provided for violating the declaration protecting childhood?

It would seem that the family and school should stand up for the protection of the rights of the child, but it increasingly happens that they become the main violators. How many cases are there known when children are verbally humiliated, beaten in the face and other parts of the body, put in a corner, punished in front of everyone, forced to do hard work for the slightest offense. The most offensive thing is that parents and teachers often consider such “upbringing” to be correct and do not see anything illegal in it. In this they are very mistaken. A small child, like an adult, understands everything and feels when he is humiliated and offended.

Adults must firmly understand that the slightest infringement on the rights of children harms their physical, psychological and moral health, and is therefore administratively and criminally punishable. The type of liability depends on the severity of the harm caused to the baby. If parents do not fulfill their parental duties well, they may be deprived of their rights to the child.

Where can I look for help for a minor child?

Every child needs protection, because compared to adults he is small and weak, he does not know and cannot do much. If physical force or sexual violence is used against a child, he will not be able to adequately resist an adult, which is why it is so easy to offend and humiliate him. Unfortunately, uncultured and ill-mannered people often take advantage of this.

Cases have become more frequent when their parents are violators of children's rights, as provided for in the World Declaration. They lead an immoral lifestyle, beat children and force them to beg. The state is obliged to protect children from violence in all its forms.

Adults who have witnessed a violation of a child's rights (kindergarten teachers, school teachers, doctors, neighbors, etc.) should not ignore this. A minor himself can seek help from the guardianship authorities or other authority available to him. The appeal can be either written or oral. The following organizations can help a child in this situation:

• prosecutor's office;
• internal affairs bodies;
• Commission on Juvenile Affairs;
• children's assistance center;
• children's social shelter;
• emergency remote assistance center;
• guardianship and trusteeship authorities.

None of the above authorities has the right to refuse help to a child and leave him alone with the problem. The law provides for liability for such inaction.

Were analyze 2 documents: the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. A selection of articles regulating the fundamental rights of minors has been made.

Declaration of the Rights of the Child.

Principle #3

The child must have the right to a name and citizenship from birth.

Principle #4

The child must benefit from social security. The child must have the right to healthy growth and development, to adequate food, housing, entertainment and medical care.

Principle #5

A child who is physically, mentally or socially disabled must be provided with special treatment, education and care necessary due to his special condition.

Principle #6

For the full and harmonious development of his personality, a child needs love and understanding.

Principle #7

The child has the right to receive education, which should be free and compulsory, at least in the initial stages. He should be given an education which will contribute to his general cultural development and by which he may, on a basis of equality of opportunity, develop his abilities and personal judgment, as well as a sense of moral and social responsibility, and become a useful member of society.

The best interests of the child should be the guiding principle for those responsible for his education and learning; this responsibility lies primarily with his parents.

The child must be provided with full opportunity for games and entertainment that are aimed at the goals pursued by education; society and public authorities must make efforts to facilitate the implementation of this right

Principle #8

The child must, under all circumstances, be among those who first receive protection and assistance.

Principle #9

The child must be protected from all forms of neglect, cruelty and exploitation. It must not be subject to trade in any form.

Principle #10

The child must be protected from practices that may encourage racial, religious or any other form of discrimination. He should be brought up in the spirit of mutual understanding, tolerance, friendship between peoples, peace and universal brotherhood, and in the full consciousness that his energies and abilities should be devoted to the service of the benefit of other people.

Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Articles 1 – 4

1 article- A child is every human being under 18 years of age.

Article 2 - Provides all rights to parents or legal guardians or any other circumstances, protects the child from all forms of discrimination.

Article 3- The best interests of the child are a primary consideration. States Parties undertake to provide the child with such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being. States Parties shall ensure that institutions, services and bodies responsible for the care or protection of children comply with the standards established by the competent authorities

Article 4- States Parties shall take all necessary legislative, administrative and other measures to implement the rights recognized in this Convention.

Article 5.

States Parties respect the responsibility of guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child to properly manage and guide the child in the exercise of the rights recognized by this Convention.

Articles 6-7-8-9

Article 6- Every child has the right to life, ensuring the survival and healthy development of the child to the maximum extent possible.

Article 7-

From the moment of birth, a child has the right to a name and to acquire citizenship, the right to know his parents and the right to be cared for by them.

Article 8- The child's right to maintain his or her identity, including nationality, name and family ties. Provide assistance and protection for the speedy restoration of his individuality.

Article 9- States Parties respect the right of a child who is separated from one or both parents to maintain regular personal relationships and direct contact with both parents, except where this would be contrary to the best interests of the child.

Articles 10-11

Article 10- A child whose parents reside in different States has the right to maintain on a regular basis, except in special circumstances, personal relationships and direct contacts with both parents

Article 11- They are taking measures to combat the illegal movement and non-return of children from abroad.

Articles 12-13-14-15

Article 12- The right to freely express views on all matters affecting the child, with the child's views being given due weight in accordance with the child's age and maturity.

Article 13- The child has the right to freely express his or her opinion; this right includes the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds.

Article 14- The child’s right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, Freedom to profess his religion or belief.

Article 15- The child’s right to freedom of association and freedom of peaceful assembly.

Articles 16-17

Article 16- Rights to privacy, family life, home or correspondence, or unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation

Article 17- the child has access to information and materials from a variety of national and international sources, especially those aimed at promoting the social, spiritual and moral well-being and healthy physical and mental development of the child.

Articles 18-19

Article 18- Ensure recognition of the principle of common and equal responsibility of both parents for the upbringing and development of the child.

Article 19- Protecting the child from all forms of physical or psychological violence, insult or abuse, neglect or neglect, abuse or exploitation.

Articles 20-21-22-23

Article 20- A child who is temporarily or permanently deprived of his family environment or who, in his own best interests, cannot remain in such an environment, has the right to special protection and assistance provided by the State.

Article 21- States Parties that recognize and/or permit the existence of an adoption system shall ensure that the best interests of the child are taken into account as a paramount consideration and they. Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all relevant and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child's status in relation to parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, interested persons have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such consultation as may be necessary.

Article 22- The state must provide special protection to refugee children, including assistance in obtaining information, humanitarian assistance and assistance

reunification with family.

Article 23- Every child, whether mentally or physically disabled, has the right to special care and a life of dignity

Articles 24-25-26-27

Article 24- Every child has the right to protect their health: to receive medical care, clean drinking water and nutritious food

Article 25- The state must regularly check the living conditions of the child in care.

Article 26- Every child has the right to enjoy social benefits, including social insurance.

Article 27- Every child has the right to a standard of living necessary for his physical, mental, spiritual and moral development. The state must help those parents who cannot provide their children with the necessary living conditions.

Articles 28-29-30-31

Article 28- Every child has the right to education. Schools should

respect the rights of the child and show respect for his human dignity. The state must ensure that children attend school regularly.

Article 29- Educational institutions must develop the child’s personality, his talents, mental and physical abilities, and educate him in the spirit of respect for his parents, understanding, peace, tolerance, and cultural traditions.

Article 30- If a child belongs to an ethnic, religious or linguistic minority, he has the right to speak his native language and observe his native customs and practice his religion.

Article 31- Every child has the right to rest and play, as well as to participate in cultural and creative life.

Articles 32-33-34-35-36

Article 32- The state must protect children from dangerous, harmful and backbreaking work. Work should not interfere with the education and spiritual and physical development of the child.

Article 33- The state must do everything possible to protect children from the illegal use of drugs and psychotropic substances, and to prevent children from participating in the production and trade of drugs.

Article 34- The state must protect children from any form of

sexual violence.

Article 35- The state must fight with all its might against

kidnapping, smuggling and sale of children.

Article 36- The state must protect the child from any actions that may harm him.

Articles 37-38-39-40-41

Article 37- The State shall ensure that no child is subjected to torture, ill-treatment, unlawful arrest or imprisonment. Every child deprived of his liberty has the right to maintain contact with his family, to receive legal assistance and to seek protection in court.

Article 38- The state should not allow children under 15 to join the army or directly participate in hostilities. Children in conflict zones should receive special protection

Article 39- If a child is a victim of abuse, conflict, torture or exploitation, the state must do everything possible to restore his health and self-esteem.

Article 40- Every child accused of breaking the law has the right to basic guarantees, legal and other assistance.

Article 41- If the legislation of a particular country protects the rights of the child better than this Convention, then the laws of that country should apply.

Article 42

Article 42- The State must disseminate information about the Convention to adults and children.

Articles 43-54

43-54 articles- includes norms that adults and the state must jointly ensure all children's rights.

The task was completed by A.I. Koroleva.

MBDOU No. 35

Task No. 2.

Make a selection from the Family Code of fundamental rights regulating the rights of minor children.

Family Code of the Russian Federation.

Chapter 11.

Article No. 54.

54Article- Every child has the right to live and be raised in a family, as far as possible, the right to know their parents, the right to their care, the right to live together with them

Article No. 55

55Article- The child has the right to communicate with both parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters and other relatives.

Article No. 56.

56Article- The child has the right to protection of his rights and legitimate interests, has the right to protection from abuse by his parents (persons in their stead).

Article No. 57.

57 Article - The child has the right to express his opinion when deciding any issue in the family that affects his interests, as well as to be heard during any judicial or administrative proceedings.

Article No. 58.

58Article- The child has the right to a first name, patronymic and last name.

Article No. 59 .

59Article- At the request of the parents, until the child reaches fourteen years of age, the guardianship and trusteeship authority, has the right to allow the child to change his name, as well as change the surname assigned to him to the surname of the other parent.

Article No. 60 .

60Article- The child has the right to receive maintenance from his parents and other family members in the manner and amount, has the right of ownership of income received by him, property received by him as a gift or by inheritance, as well as any other property acquired with the child’s funds . The child’s right to dispose of property owned by him or her by right of ownership

The task was completed by: A.I. Koroleva.

Groups:DO-02-2016

International normative documents

Regulations

International regulatory

Control methods

Types of intra-school control

Principles of In-School Control

zg orderliness

at theoretical and methodological

preparedness and validity at systematicity and purposefulness

at efficiency

at comprehensiveness and depth

se = objectivity

at publicity

at moderation

> by coverage of control objects: overview, personal, thematic, frontal, class-summarizing;

> by artist: collective, mutual control, self-control, administrative (scheduled and unscheduled);

> according to logical sequence: current, preliminary, intermediate, final;

> by frequency: episodic, periodic, regular.

All types of control are preventive in nature.

* observation;

* study of school documentation;

* oral, written, graphic, combined tests;

* attending classes, extracurricular activities;

* interviews;

* study of student works.

Conditions effectiveness control

♦ knowledge of the program requirements for each subject of the curriculum;

♦ prospects for control;

careful preparation; effectiveness.

Application

documentation........................................................ .. 2Yu

Declaration of the Rights of the Child........................ 210

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

(annotation)............................................... .... 212

World Declaration on Survival, Protection and Development

children (extracts)......................................... 213

Declaration and Action Plan

“A world fit for children.”...... 217

Russian Federation............................ 236

National Doctrine of Education

in the Russian Federation........................ 236

Law of the Russian Federation

“On Education” (in extracts)........ 240

Federal Law on Basic
guarantees of children's rights in the Russian
Federations (in extracts)......................... 246

Preamble

Pay attention to, that the peoples of the United Nations have reaffirmed in the Charter their belief in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person and are determined to promote social progress and better living conditions in greater freedom,

pay attention to, that the United Nations, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, has declared that every person is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion , national or social origin, property, birth or other circumstance,

pay attention to, that the child, due to his physical and mental immaturity, requires special protection and care, including adequate legal protection, both before and after birth,

pay attention to, that the need for such special protection was indicated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as in the statutes of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children,

pay attention to, that humanity is obliged to give the child the best it has,

General Assembly

Proclaims this Declaration of the Rights of the Child with a view to ensuring that children have a happy childhood and enjoy, for their own benefit and for the benefit of the community, the rights and freedoms contained herein, and encourages parents, men and women as individuals, as well as voluntary organizations, local authorities and national governments that they recognize and endeavor to respect these rights through legislative and other measures progressively adopted in accordance with the following principles:

Principle 1. The child must have all the rights specified in this Declaration. These rights must be recognized to all children, without exception and without distinction or discrimination on account of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status relating to the child himself or herself or his family.

Principle 2. The child shall be provided, by law and other means, with special protection and with opportunities and favorable conditions to enable him to develop physically, mentally, morally, spiritually and socially in a healthy and normal manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity. In making laws for this purpose, the best interests of the child must be the primary consideration.

Principle 3. The child must have the right to a name and citizenship from birth.

Principle 4. The child must benefit from social security. He must have the right to healthy growth and development; To this end, special care and protection must be provided to both him and his mother, including adequate prenatal and postnatal care. The child must have the right to adequate food, housing, entertainment and medical care. "

Principle 5. A child who is physically, mentally or socially disabled must be provided with special treatment, education and care necessary due to his special condition.

Principle 6. For the full and harmonious development of his personality, a child needs love and understanding. He should, whenever possible, grow up under the care and responsibility of his parents and in any case in an atmosphere of love and moral and material security; A young child should not, except in exceptional circumstances, be separated from his mother. Society and public authorities must have a duty to provide special care for children without families and for children without sufficient means of subsistence. It is desirable that large families be provided with state or other child support benefits.

Principle 7. The child has the right to receive education, which should be free and compulsory, at least in the initial stages. He should be given an education which will contribute to his general cultural development and by which he may, on a basis of equality of opportunity, develop his abilities and personal judgment, as well as a sense of moral and social responsibility, and become a useful member of society.

The best interests of the child should be the guiding principle for those responsible for his education and learning, this responsibility resting primarily with his parents.

The child must be provided with full opportunity for games and entertainment, which would be aimed at the goals pursued by education; society and public authorities must make efforts to promote the implementation of this morality.

Principle 8. The child must, under all circumstances, be among those who first receive protection and assistance.

Principle 9. The child must be protected from all forms of neglect, cruelty and exploitation. It must not be subject to trade in any form.

The child should not be employed before reaching the appropriate age minimum; he shall in no case be assigned or permitted work or occupation which would be harmful to his health or education or which would interfere with his physical, mental or moral development.

The Declaration of the Rights of the Child was proclaimed by resolution 1386 of the UN General Assembly on November 20, 1959. It consists of a Preamble and 10 principles.

The preamble notes that every person must have all rights and freedoms without national, racial, religious, political or other beliefs, social or property status.

Due to its physical and mental immaturity, a child needs special protection and care, including legal care, both before and after birth.

The Declaration contains 10 principles by which to act.

Principle 1: All rights of the child must be recognized without any distinction or discrimination.

Principle 2: The child shall be protected and provided with the conditions for physical, mental, moral, spiritual and social development in a healthy and normal manner in conditions of freedom and dignity.

Principle 3. The child should have the right to a name and citizenship from birth.

Principle 4: The child must enjoy the benefits of social security: the right to adequate food, housing, entertainment and medical care. The mother must be provided with adequate prenatal and postnatal care.

Principle 5: A child who is physically, mentally or socially disabled should be provided with the special treatment, education and care required by his or her special condition.

Principle 6. For harmonious development, a child must grow up in the care of his parents and only in exceptional cases can he be separated from his mother. Society has a responsibility to care for the poor. It is desirable that large families be provided with state or other child support benefits.

Principle 7: The child has the right to education, which should be free and compulsory, at least in the initial stages. The interests of the child must come first.

The child must be provided with full opportunity for games and entertainment, which would be aimed at the goals pursued by education.

Principle 8: The child should, in all circumstances, be among the first to receive protection and assistance.

Principle 9: A child should not be employed before reaching the appropriate minimum age; he shall not be assigned or permitted work or occupation which would be harmful to his health or education or which would impede his physical, mental or moral development.

Principle 10. A child should be brought up in the spirit of mutual understanding, tolerance, friendship between peoples, peace and universal brotherhood.

Children's rights are strictly protected by Russian legislation. But besides this, the laws of one country cannot contradict basic international provisions relating to the protection of the rights and interests of minor citizens.

The main international normative acts are the Convention and the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.

In different countries, a different age of full majority of a person may be established, from which he is recognized as a fully capable citizen of that country.

But in these documents this age is set at 18 years, that is, it completely coincides with the Russian norm.

The International Declaration on the Protection of the Rights of the Child was developed and adopted by the UN General Assembly.

It arose due to the fact that crimes against children are committed everywhere and quite often. Not every country's laws are able to protect children from other countries.

Therefore, a regulatory legal act was needed that would apply to all minor citizens of those countries that sign this declaration.

The first official process related to the settlement of issues of children's rights took place in Australia at the end of the 19th century. Subsequently, courts in other countries also supported this activity. These were Canada and the USA.

A precedent had been created, but a regulatory framework was required on the basis of which these courts could make strict decisions against violators of children's rights.

Thus, the first declaration of the rights of the child appeared in Geneva in the twentieth century. It laid down the basic principles that protect children from:

• slavery;
• prostitution;
• trade.

This was the first impetus in world legislation to create such documents. Later, the UN General Assembly made changes and improvements to this legal act.

The new version has already taken into account the following points:

• responsibility of persons for failure to fulfill their duties in relation to children;
• the responsibility of parents and other representatives to provide the necessary upbringing and training.

This document established the main provisions not only that children have the right to protection from the most malicious crimes, but also recorded the responsibilities of adult citizens towards them.

It stated that no one has the right to take away everything that belongs to children. This applies not only to property, but also to non-property rights.

Currently, there are 10 principles of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, according to which the laws of different countries are obliged to protect the rights of children.

These include:

All these principles must not only be embedded in the legal documents of the various countries that have signed this declaration, but also strictly protected.

Despite the fact that in Russia the legislation provides for all these principles of the declaration, every day minors face their violation.

And the judicial system is unable to influence Russian citizens to ensure that children’s rights are unquestioningly ensured.

Many people wonder how the Declaration of the Rights of the Child differs from the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

The main differences can be identified as follows:

1. The convention was developed later. And its provisions arose on the basis of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
2. This Convention contains 54 articles. It updated the main provisions, including adding new ones that characterize the rights of children and adults.
3. The Declaration was adopted by the countries belonging to the UN Assembly, and the Convention was supported by 193 countries, including Russia.
4. Based on the Convention, all countries were obliged to revise their legislation so that it fully ensures compliance with the established standards of the Convention. And since the adoption of the Declaration, few countries have changed their legislation to comply with it.

As a result, we can say that this Declaration became the first serious legal document, on the basis of which subsequently all modern states changed their legislation towards protecting the rights of children.

Minors were recognized in it as small citizens requiring protection from the state and parents. In addition, parents themselves and the state received a clear list of responsibilities towards their children.