71. Let's find out why transport of substances is needed for multicellular organisms.
Thanks to the transport of substances, all minerals and various proteins, carbohydrates, fats reach their “destination” and begin to rapidly synthesize with other molecules.

72. Let's draw a plant and label its organs.

73. Let's write what substances move:
a) through wood vessels: minerals
b) along the sieve tubes of the bast: organic substances.

74.
Connective tissue. Thanks to the proteins contained in the blood, it performs many functions, including transport and protective.

75. Let's define the concept of blood and its functions in the body.
In a closed c.s. the blood moves in a circle, and in an open circle, the blood vessels open into the body cavity.

76. Let's label the sections of the circulatory system shown in the pictures. Let's determine their type.

77. Let's supplement the sentences.

78. Let's give definitions.
An artery is a vessel through which oxygenated blood moves to the organs.
A vein is a vessel through which blood saturated with carbon dioxide moves from the organs.
A capillary is the smallest vessel that penetrates the entire body of an animal.

79. Let's label the parts of the heart indicated by numbers in the pictures. Let's write down the animals to which the hearts shown belong.

Laboratory work.
"Movement of water and minerals along the stem."

Transport of substances for multicellular organisms is a condition for their life. Many cells interact with each other, but each performs its own function. In order for them to act in concert, it is necessary to move substances that can enter from the outside or be removed from the body.

Transport of incoming substances

Everything that the body needs for life comes from the environment. This is what it does:

• Oxygen;
• Water;
• Nutrients from food - proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins;
• Microelements.

Each component performs its function in a specific organ and a transport system is needed to transport it.

Oxygen is carried by blood. After gas exchange, air from the lungs enters the bloodstream into red blood cells. They contain special transport protein - hemoglobin. It is responsible for delivering oxygen to all tissues that need it. Without this, cells and the body will die from hypoxia.

Water does not need a special carrier, since it can move itself along a concentration gradient. It goes to where the concentration of salts or proteins is greater. Water washes freely to pass and leave the cells if necessary. It is a universal medium in which all processes take place, thus, without water transport there would be no life or any other transport.

Transport of nutrients in multicellular animals is carried out by a special digestive system. Once in the intestines, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are broken down and absorbed into the blood. Along it they are transported to other cells. Carbohydrates provide energy for life. If they are not transported to all tissues, the body will not be able to exist.

Trace elements and minerals support the internal environment of cells and the body as a whole. They enter with food and are transported as products of its breakdown. Most emollients pass through cells freely or through special openings.

Output transport

In the process of life, the body produces many unnecessary substances:

• Carbon dioxide;
• Urea;
• Ammonia;
• Ketones and other elements.

To prevent them from poisoning the body, they need to be removed. The blood acts as a transporter, which carries them to the excretory organs.

Thus, in a multicellular organism, substances necessary for respiration, nutrition, disinfection of toxic substances and other vital processes are transported.

Answers to school textbooks

During the transport of substances, they are delivered from the places of entry into the body from the environment or the places of their formation in the body to the organs that need these substances for life. Thus, in mammals, oxygen entering the lungs, thanks to the transport system, is transferred to all cells of the animal body, and carbon dioxide, on the contrary, is transported to the lungs and released into the external environment.

2. How does the transfer of substances occur in unicellular organisms?

In unicellular organisms, various substances are transported by the movement of the cytoplasm. For example, in an amoeba this occurs during its movement, during which the cytoplasm flows from one part of the body to another. The substances contained in it are mixed and distributed throughout the cell. In the slipper ciliate - a protozoan with a constant body shape - the movement of the digestive vesicle and the distribution of nutrients throughout the cell is achieved by continuous circular movement of the cytoplasm.

3. What is the role of the circulatory system?

The circulatory system, consisting of vessels, provides blood access to all organs and tissues of the body and carries out one of the most important functions - the transport of substances and gases.

4. What is blood?

5. What does blood consist of?

Blood is one of the types of connective tissue that circulates through the circulatory system. Blood carries nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and removes carbon dioxide and other waste products. Blood consists of a colorless liquid - plasma and blood cells. There are red and white blood cells, as well as platelets. Red blood cells give blood a red color, since they contain a special substance - the pigment hemoglobin (from the Greek “theme” - blood and the Latin “globulus” - ball). Combining with oxygen, hemoglobin carries it throughout the body. Thus, the blood performs the respiratory function. White blood cells perform a protective function: they destroy pathogens that enter the body. Blood platelets are involved in the process of blood clotting. So, when wounded, thanks to blood platelets, the blood at the wound site coagulates and the bleeding stops.

6. What are stomata, where are they located?

7. How do water and minerals move in a plant?

Water and minerals dissolved in it move in the plant from the roots to the above-ground parts through the vessels of the wood.

8, Which part of the stem does organic matter move through?

Organic substances move from the leaves to other parts of the plant through the sieve tubes of the phloem.

9. What is the role of root hairs? What is root pressure?

10. What is the significance of water evaporation from leaves?

Water enters the plant through root hairs. Covered with mucus, in close contact with the soil, they absorb water with minerals dissolved in it. Then the water rises under pressure through the vessels of the root to other, above-ground organs of the plant. Root pressure is the force that causes one-way movement of water from roots to shoots.

Water evaporates from the surface of leaf cells in the form of steam and enters the atmosphere through the stomata. This process ensures a continuous upward flow of water through the plant. Having given up water, the cells of the leaf pulp, like a pump, begin to intensively absorb it from the vessels surrounding them, where water enters through the stem from the root.

89. Let’s find out why transport of substances is needed for multicellular organisms.
Thanks to the transport of substances, all minerals and various proteins, carbohydrates, fats reach their “destination” and begin to rapidly synthesize with other molecules.

90. Let's draw a plant and label its organs.

91. Let’s write what substances move:
a) through wood vessels: minerals
b) along the sieve tubes of the bast: organic substances.

92. Let’s define the concept of blood and its functions in the body.
Connective tissue. Thanks to the proteins contained in the blood, it performs many functions, including transport and protective.

93. Let's write the differences between a closed and open circulatory system.
In a closed c.s. the blood moves in a circle, and in an open circle, the blood vessels open into the body cavity.

94. Let’s label the sections of the circulatory system shown in the pictures. Let's determine their type.

95. Let's supplement the sentences.

96. Let us define the concepts.
An artery is a vessel through which oxygenated blood moves to the organs.
A vein is a vessel through which blood saturated with carbon dioxide moves from the organs.
A capillary is the smallest vessel that penetrates the entire body of an animal.

97. Let’s label the parts of the heart indicated by numbers in the pictures. Let's write down the animals to which the hearts shown belong.

Laboratory work.
"Movement of water and minerals along the stem."

During the classes

1. Opening remarks

You already know about how substances move in the bodies of plants and single-celled animals. Today we will find out how substances are transported in the body of vertebrates. What organ system do you think can perform this function? ( Student response- circulatory system.)

So, we have to get acquainted with the structure of the circulatory system, find out what blood is, what its significance is.

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2. Learning new material

Organization of student work in groups. Formation of groups and setting a task for each group. Independent work with the textbook text.

If the group includes well-prepared students, then they themselves determine the content of their work and the design of its result. If the students in the group are poorly prepared, then they are offered a consultant card, which contains information that will help them successfully complete the task.

(Video fragment “Mysteries of Blood” from the video film “Earth. Development of Life”, video studio “Kvart”, Moscow.)

3. Presentation of work results

Groups 1, 2 and 3 take turns presenting the results of their work. As they work, students enter basic information into their notebooks.

1st group.

The class watches the video clip “Mysteries of Blood.” The group asks questions. Answers are corrected and scored.

Possible questions:

– Which animals first developed a circulatory system?
– What explains the appearance of the circulatory system?
– How can we explain the fact that the salt composition of blood is close to the salt composition of sea water?

2nd group.

The group draws up diagrams on the board and asks the rest of the students to complete them. Answers are appreciated.

3rd group.

The group writes the concepts on the board and asks class members to provide definitions. Answers are appreciated.

Possible answers:

Hemoglobin is a special red pigment that combines with oxygen and carries it throughout the body.
Arteries are vessels that carry blood from the heart.
Veins are vessels that carry blood to the heart.
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels.
Hemolymph is a colorless or greenish liquid that performs functions similar to those of blood.

Assignments from groups 4 and 5 are submitted to the teacher for checking. They will be offered to students (individually or frontally) for work in the next lesson at the stage of monitoring knowledge on the topic studied and for checking homework.

Options for completing tasks.

4th group.

Test.

1. Organ system responsible for the transport of substances:

a) digestive;
b) circulatory;
c) respiratory.

2. Blood composition:

a) plasma only;
b) plasma and blood cells;
c) only blood cells.

3. The protective function is performed by:

a) red blood cells;
b) plasma;
c) white blood cells.

4. The vessels that carry blood from the heart are called:

a) veins;
b) arteries;
c) capillaries.

5. Heart of birds and mammals:

a) three-chamber;
b) two-chamber;
c) four-chamber.

6. The exchange of substances between blood and tissues occurs in:

a) veins;
b) capillaries;
c) arteries.

7. Mollusks and insects have a circulatory system:

a) absent;
b) closed;
c) open.

5th group.

Crossword

1. A substance that gives blood its red color. ( Hemoglobin.)
2. Vessels carrying blood from the heart. ( Arteries.)
3. What does the circulatory system consist of? ( Vessels.)
4. The smallest vessels. ( Capillaries.)
5. What circulates through the vessels? ( Blood.)
6. What is the name of blood in insects and mollusks? ( Hemolymph.)
7. Department of the heart. ( Atrium.)
8. The circulatory system, in which blood flows only through vessels. ( Closed.)

4. Summing up the lesson. Homework

Task "Expertise"

The criminal, in order to hide traces of the crime, burned the victim's bloody clothes. However, a forensic examination based on ash analysis established the presence of blood on the clothing. How?

(Answer. After combustion, the chemical elements that make up the burnt object remain in the ash. Blood differs from any tissue in its higher content of iron, which is part of hemoglobin. If a high iron content is found in the ashes, it means there was blood on the clothes.)

LITERATURE:

Modestov S.Yu. Collection of creative problems in biology, ecology and life safety: A manual for teachers - St. Petersburg: Aksident, 1998.