Napoleon, without the slightest struggle, walked from the Mediterranean coast to Paris in 19 days, expelled the Bourbon dynasty and reigned again. But he knew that again, as in his first reign, he did not bring peace with him, but a sword, and that Europe, shocked by his sudden appearance, this time would do everything to prevent him from gathering his forces.

Napoleon understood that after 11 months of the Bourbon constitutional monarchy and some freedom of the press, the urban bourgeoisie expected from him at least some minimum of freedoms; he needed to quickly illustrate the program that he was developing, moving towards Paris and playing the revolutionary general. The class of French society that won during the revolution and whose main representative and strengthener of victory was Napoleon, that is, the big bourgeoisie, was the only class whose aspirations were close and understandable to Napoleon. It was in this class that he wanted to feel supported, and in his interests he was ready to fight. “I don’t want to be king of the jacquerie,” Napoleon said to the typical exponent of bourgeois aspirations at this moment, Benjamin Constant. The emperor ordered to call him to the palace to resolve the issue of liberal state reform, which would satisfy the bourgeoisie, prove the newly-minted freethinking of Emperor Napoleon and at the same time calm down the Jacobins who had raised their heads.

On April 6, Constant was brought before the emperor, and on April 23, the constitution was ready. Benjamin Constant simply took the charter, that is, the constitution given by King Louis XVIII in 1814, and made it a little more liberal. The electoral qualifications for voters and those elected were greatly lowered, but still, in order to become a deputy, you had to be a rich person. Freedom of the press was somewhat more ensured. Preliminary censorship was abolished, and crimes of the press could henceforth be punished only in court. In addition to the elected chamber of deputies (of 300 people), another was established - the upper chamber, which was to be appointed by the emperor and be hereditary. Laws had to pass through both houses and be approved by the emperor.

Napoleon accepted the project and the new constitution was published on April 23. Napoleon did not really resist the liberal creativity of Benjamin Constant. He only wanted to postpone the elections and the convening of the chambers until the question of war was resolved, and then, if there was a victory, it would be clear what to do with the deputies, and with the press, and with Benjamin Constant himself. For the time being, this constitution was supposed to calm minds. But the liberal bourgeoisie had little faith in his liberalism, and the emperor was very much asked to speed up the convening of the chambers. Napoleon, after some objections, agreed and appointed the “May Field” for May 25, when the results of the plebiscite to which the emperor subjected his new constitution were to be announced, the banners of the National Guard were to be distributed and the meetings of the chamber were to open. The plebiscite gave 1,552,450 votes for the constitution and 4,800 against. The ceremony of distributing banners (it took place not on May 26, but on June 1) was majestic. At the same time, on June 1, meetings of the newly elected chamber opened.

The people's representatives had only been meeting for a week and a half, and Napoleon was already dissatisfied with them. He was absolutely incapable of living with any limitation on his power or even with any sign of independent behavior. The Chamber chose as its chairman Languine, a moderate liberal, a former Girondin, whom Napoleon did not really like. It was also impossible to see any opposition in this - Languine definitely preferred Napoleon to the Bourbons - and the emperor was already angry and, accepting the most submissive and very respectful address from the Legislative Corps, said: “Let us not imitate the example of Byzantium, which, pressed on all sides by barbarians, became the laughing stock of posterity, engaging in abstract discussions at the moment when the battering ram smashed the city gates.” He hinted at a European coalition, hordes of which rushed from all sides to the borders of France. He accepted the address of the people's representatives on June 11, and the next day, June 12, he went to the army for the last battle with Europe in his life.

3 Battle of Ligny

Of the 198 thousand soldiers that Napoleon had on June 10, 1815, more than a third were scattered throughout the country. For the upcoming campaign, the emperor had directly in his hands about 128 thousand with 344 guns in the guard, five army corps and a cavalry reserve. In addition, there was an emergency army (national guard, etc.) of 200 thousand people, half of which were not uniformed, and the third were not armed. If the campaign had dragged on, then, using the organizational work of his Minister of War Davout, he could have collected about 230-240 thousand more people with the greatest efforts. The British, Prussians, Austrians, and Russians have already deployed about 700 thousand people at once, and by the end of the summer they could have deployed another 300 thousand.

Before Napoleon were the British and Prussians, the first of all the allies to appear on the battlefield. The Austrians also hurried to the Rhine, but they were still far away. Wellington with the English army stood in Brussels, and the Prussian army under the command of Blucher was scattered on the Sambre and Meuse rivers, between Charleroi and Liege.

On June 14, Napoleon began the campaign by invading Belgium. He quickly moved into the gap that separated Wellington from Blucher and rushed at Blucher. The French occupied Charleroi and fought across the Sambre River. But Napoleon's operation on the right flank slowed down somewhat: General Bourmont, a royalist by conviction, long suspected by the soldiers, fled to the Prussian camp. After this, the soldiers became even more suspicious of their superiors. To Blücher, this incident seemed a favorable sign, although he refused to accept General Bourmont, who had betrayed Napoleon.

Napoleon ordered Marshal Ney to occupy the village of Quatre Bras on the Brussels road on June 15 in order to pin down the British, but Ney, acting sluggishly, was too late to do this. On June 16, a great battle between Napoleon and Blucher took place at Ligny. Victory remained with Napoleon; Blucher lost more than 20 thousand people, Napoleon - about 11 thousand. But Napoleon was not happy with this victory, because if not for the mistake of Ney, who unnecessarily delayed the 1st Corps, forcing him to take a vain walk between Quatre Bras and Ligny, he could have destroyed the entire Prussian army at Ligny. Blucher was defeated and thrown back (in an unknown direction), but not destroyed.

4 Battle of Waterloo

On June 17, Napoleon gave his army a break. Around noon, Napoleon separated 36 thousand people from the entire army, placed Marshal Grouchy over them and ordered him to continue pursuing Blucher. Part of Napoleon's cavalry pursued the British, who the day before tried to pin down the French at Quatre Bras. But the rain heavily washed out the roads, and the pursuit had to be stopped. Napoleon himself with the main forces united with Her and moved north, in a direct direction to Brussels. Wellington, with all the forces of the English army, took a position 22 kilometers from Brussels, on the Mont Saint-Jean plateau, south of the village of Waterloo. The forest of Soigny, north of Waterloo, cut off his escape route to Brussels. Wellington fortified himself on this plateau. He was going to wait for Napoleon in this very strong position and hold out, no matter the cost, until Blücher managed, having recovered from defeat and received reinforcements, to come to his aid.

By the evening of June 17, Napoleon approached the plateau with his troops and saw the English army in the distance in the fog. Napoleon had approximately 72 thousand men, Wellington 70 thousand when they faced each other on the morning of June 18, 1815. Both were expecting reinforcements and had a solid reason to wait for them: Napoleon was waiting for Marshal Grouchy, who had no more than 33 thousand people; The British were waiting for Blucher, who after the defeat at Ligny had about 80 thousand people left, and who could appear with 40-50 thousand ready for battle.

Already from the end of the night, Napoleon was in place, but he could not launch an attack at dawn, because the rain had loosened the ground so much that it was difficult to deploy the cavalry. The emperor toured his troops in the morning and was delighted with the reception he received: it was a completely exceptional outburst of mass enthusiasm, not seen on such a scale since the time of Austerlitz. This review, which was destined to be the last review of the army in Napoleon's life, made an indelible impression on him and everyone present.

Napoleon's headquarters were first at the farm du Caillou. At 11 o'clock in the morning, it seemed to Napoleon that the soil was dry enough, and only then did he order the battle to begin. Strong artillery fire from 84 guns was opened against the left wing of the British and an attack was launched under the leadership of Ney. At the same time, a weaker attack was launched by the French for the purpose of demonstrating at the castle of Hougoumont on the right flank of the English army, where the attack met the most vigorous resistance and encountered a fortified position.

The attack on the British left wing continued. The murderous struggle lasted for an hour and a half, when suddenly Napoleon noticed, in a very great distance in the northeast near Saint-Lambert, the vague outlines of moving troops. At first he thought it was Grouchy, who had been sent orders early in the night and then several times during the morning to hurry to the battlefield. But it was not Grouchy, but Blucher, who had escaped Grouchy’s pursuit and, after very skillfully executed transitions, had deceived the French marshal, and was now rushing to the aid of Wellington. Napoleon, having learned the truth, was still not embarrassed; he was convinced that Grushi was following on the heels of Blucher and that when both of them arrived at the battlefield, then although Blucher would bring more reinforcements to Wellington than Grushi would bring to the emperor, the forces would still be more or less balanced, and if before Blucher’s appearance and If he manages to deliver a crushing blow to the British, then the battle will be finally won after Grusha’s approach.

Having sent part of the cavalry against Blucher, Napoleon ordered Marshal Ney to continue the attack on the left wing and center of the British, which had already experienced a number of terrible blows since the beginning of the battle. Here four divisions of d’Erlon’s corps advanced in dense battle formation. A bloody battle began to boil along this entire front. The British met these massive columns with fire and launched a counterattack several times. One after another, the French divisions entered the battle and suffered terrible losses. The Scottish cavalry cut into these divisions and cut down part of the composition. Noticing the collapse and defeat of the division, Napoleon personally rushed to the heights near the Belle Alliance farm, sent several thousand cuirassiers of General Milhaud there, and the Scots, having lost an entire regiment, were driven back.

This attack upset almost the entire d'Erlon corps. The left wing of the English army could not be broken. Then Napoleon changed his plan and transferred the main attack to the center and right wing of the English army. At 3 o'clock the La Haye-Saint farm was taken by the left flank division of d'Erlon's corps. But this corps did not have the strength to develop its success. Then Napoleon handed over to Ney 40 squadrons of the cavalry of Milhaud and Lefebvre-Denuette with the task of striking the right wing of the British between the castle of Hougoumont and La Haye-Saint. The castle of Hougoumont was finally taken at this time, but the English held out, falling in hundreds and not retreating from their main positions.

Napoleon sent more cavalry into the fire, 37 Kellermann squadrons. Evening came. Napoleon finally sent his guards to the British and himself directed them to attack. And at that very moment, screams and the roar of shots were heard on the right flank of the French army: Blucher with 30 thousand soldiers arrived on the battlefield. But the attacks of the guard continued, since Napoleon believed that Grouchy was coming after Blucher. Soon, however, panic spread: the Prussian cavalry fell on the French guard, who found himself between two fires, and Blucher himself rushed with the rest of his forces to the Belle Alliance farm, from where Napoleon and the guard had previously set out. Blucher wanted to cut off Napoleon's retreat with this maneuver. It was already eight o'clock in the evening, but still quite light, and then Wellington, who had been under continuous murderous attacks from the French all day, launched a general offensive. But Grushi still didn’t come.

The guard, having formed a square, slowly retreated, desperately defending itself through the close ranks of the enemy. Napoleon rode at a pace among the battalion of guards grenadiers guarding him. The desperate resistance of the old guard delayed the victors. In other areas, the French troops, and especially at Plancenoit, where the reserve - the Lobo corps - fought, resisted, but ultimately, exposed to attacks by fresh Prussian forces, they scattered in different directions, fleeing, and only the next day, and then only partially began to gather into organized units. The Prussians pursued the enemy all night long.

25 thousand French and 22 thousand British and their allies lay dead and wounded on the battlefield.

5 Paris. Renunciation

The defeat of the French army, the loss of almost all artillery, the approach of hundreds of thousands of fresh Austrian troops to the borders of France, the imminent prospect of the appearance of even more hundreds of thousands of Russians - all this made Napoleon’s position completely hopeless, and he realized this immediately, moving away from the Waterloo field. Outwardly, Napoleon was calm and very thoughtful throughout the journey from Waterloo to Paris, but his face was not as gloomy as after Leipzig, although now everything was really lost for him.

With Napoleon a drastic change immediately took place. He came to Paris after Waterloo not to fight for the throne, but to surrender all his positions. And not because his exceptional energy disappeared, but because he, apparently, realized that he had done his job - whether badly or well - and that his role was over. He had lost all interest and taste for activity, he was simply waiting for what future events would do to him, in the preparation of which he had already decided not to take any part.

Napoleon arrived in Paris on June 21 and immediately convened his ministers. Carnot proposed to demand from the chambers the proclamation of Napoleon's dictatorship. Davout advised simply to adjourn the session and dissolve the chamber. Napoleon refused to do this. The Chamber also met at this time and, at the suggestion of Lafayette, who had reappeared on the historical stage, declared itself indissoluble.

Throughout June 21, almost the entire night from June 21 to 22, throughout the day of June 22, in the Saint-Antoine and Saint-Marseille suburbs, in the Temple quarter, processions walked through the streets shouting: “Long live the Emperor!” Down with traitors! Emperor or death! No need for renunciation! Emperor and defense! Down with the ward! But Napoleon no longer wanted to fight and did not want to reign.

On June 22, 1815, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time in favor of his young son. His second reign, which lasted one hundred days, ended. A huge crowd then gathered around the Elysee Palace, where Napoleon stayed after returning from the army. “No need for renunciation! Long live the Emperor!” - the crowd shouted. Having learned on the evening of the 22nd that Napoleon had left for Malmaison, and that his abdication had been decided irrevocably, the crowds began to slowly disperse.

On June 28, the abdicated emperor left Malmaison and headed to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. He wanted to board one of the frigates stationed in the port of Rochefort and go to America. But it was impossible to go to sea: the English squadron closely blocked the harbor. After some thought, Napoleon decided to entrust his fate to England. On July 15, 1815, he boarded the brig Hawk, which transported him to the English ship Bellerophon. Napoleon became a prisoner of the British and was then sent to the remote island of St. Helens in the Atlantic Ocean. There, in the village of Longwood, the former emperor spent the last six years of his life.

Napoleon's twists of fate. In the spring of 1811, Napoleon, in a conversation with the Bavarian general K.F. Wrede said that in three years he would be “master of the world.” On May 3, 1814, almost exactly three years after the significant conversation, the failed “lord of the world” arrived on the Elbe. At his disposal was an island of three hundred square meters. km, with three small towns, populated by three thousand inhabitants. Napoleon was graciously allowed to take with him three generals - A. Drouot, P. Cambronne, A. Bertrand and a battalion of guards, his famous “grumblers”.

It cannot be said that Napoleon was completely isolated and inactive in his “doll kingdom.” He was visited by his mother, sister, Maria Valevskaya “with her and his son.” Napoleon found an outlet for his volcanic energy in economic activity, planning to organize arable farming, fishing, etc. on the island in a new way. But, by and large, he was only interested in big politics.

“The Bourbons have forgotten nothing and learned nothing.” Already in the autumn of 1814, Napoleon closely followed the events taking place on the mainland. He did not consider his cause completely lost. And there were good reasons for this. Most of France, tired of endless wars, was relieved by the news of Napoleon's abdication and the return of the Bourbons. However, the Bourbons' "honeymoon" did not last long. Louis XVIII, an old gouty patient who had been begging for almost twenty years in European courts, “was, perhaps, a harmless, but dull mediocrity.” His main adviser was the Count d'Artois, equally mediocre, but much more vindictive and malicious. Compared to Napoleon, these rulers looked pitiful. True, the Bourbon government did not dare to destroy the Civil Code, one of Napoleon’s greatest achievements, and in general the order established by Louis XVIII was much more liberal than in the time of his beheaded unfortunate namesake. But the Bourbons did not understand one thing: they returned to another country; according to the apt definition of Sh.M. Talleyrand, the Bourbons “forgot nothing and learned nothing.” Dissatisfaction with the regime grew by leaps and bounds. The French nobility loudly demanded restitution, arousing suspicion and acute discontent among the peasants, the largest part of society. The retired veterans of Napoleonic campaigns eked out a semi-beggarly existence, nostalgically recalling the “former glorious times.” The main thing is that the Bourbons, who were outside France for more than a quarter of a century and wanted to crush revolutionary ideals, could not “find support in the national consciousness.” The vast majority of the nation perceived them as lackeys of European monarchies.

Congress of Vienna. While the most reassuring news came from Elba - the emperor was quiet, calm and resigned to his fate - Napoleon's victors tirelessly divided Europe and spheres of influence, desperately intriguing against each other. From September 1814 to June 1815, European heads of state “conferred” at the Congress of Vienna. Alexander I fiercely defended Russia's right to Poland and blackmailed its former allies either with his large army or with the promise to release the “monster”, that is, Napoleon. In order to win Prussia over to his side, the tsar very recklessly promised her Saxony. In contrast to the Caesarism of Alexander Pavlovich, diplomats from England and France under the supremacy of Austria concluded a secret military alliance against Russia. Thus, European monarchs were spending their time in “righteous labors,” sparing no effort “for the sake of the peace” of Europe, when on the evening of March 6 the stunning news arrived: Bonaparte left Elba and landed on the coast of France.

"One Hundred Days of Napoleon". Many outstanding thinkers, writers, and historians considered and still consider the nineteenth century to be the “age of Napoleon.” Indeed, the charm of this man’s personality, his fantastic fate, in comparison with which the pages of adventure novels pale, his deeds gave the impression of superhuman power, shocked and will continue to shock the minds of mankind for a long time. “The Hundred Days of Napoleon” is the last brilliant page of the Napoleonic legend.

While imprisoned on the island of Elba, Napoleon realized that France was opposed to the Bourbons, and the former allies were bogged down in squabbles. Boundless faith in his star, the confidence that his country considers only one to be the true ruler, the hope of turning the course of history and the wheel of fortune, and finally, an accurate analysis of the situation - all this prompted him to a firm decision: it was time to return the throne.

Napoleon lands on the French coast. On March 1, 1815, Napoleon, having successfully avoided meeting with the British patrol ships, landed in Juan Bay with a detachment of 1,100 people. Local authorities did nothing to stop the alien who had risen from oblivion. Napoleon turned out to be right: the population, soldiers, most officers and generals still considered him their emperor. This was especially clearly demonstrated by an incident that occurred on March 7 near Grenoble. The soldiers sent against Napoleon were in desperate confusion when they saw the lonely figure of the emperor approaching them. He came close to them and exclaimed: “Soldiers of the fifth regiment! Do you recognize me? Which one of you wants to shoot your emperor? Shoot! After a moment of confusion, “the soldiers surrounded him in a close crowd, kissed his hands, his knees, cried with delight and behaved as if in a fit of mass insanity. With difficulty it was possible to calm them down, form them into ranks and lead them to Grenoble.” At the head of six regiments with 30 guns, accompanied by crowds of peasants and artisans, Napoleon entered Grenoble, where an enthusiastic welcome awaited him. “Before Grenoble I was an adventurer; in Grenoble I became sovereign,” the former prisoner of Elba later recalled.

Napoleonic propaganda. Heading towards Paris, Napoleon conducted spectacular and effective political propaganda. He asked forgiveness for his former despotism and forgave everyone who served the Bourbons, but would return to him. He vowed to give the country a true constitution and abandon war forever. He assured that he voluntarily gave up the throne for the sake of the peace of France, but the Bourbons turned out to be unworthy of her. Napoleon did not shy away from outright demagoguery, declaring, in particular, that he left Elba at the call of “the forty-five best minds of the government in Paris.” The most amazing thing is that they believed him unconditionally.

The troops go over to Napoleon's side. In vain the Bourbons sent troops to meet Napoleon: soldiers, officers, most generals and some of the marshals went over to the side of the rebellious emperor. March 10, 1815 Marshal J.E. Macdonald, sent to defend Lyon, barely managed to escape from the city when the mutinous garrison, every single person, came under the flags of Napoleon. The famous Prince of Moscow, Marshal Michel Ney, who sincerely believed the return of the former emperor to be a misfortune for France, firmly promised Louis XVIII to bring Napoleon to Paris “in an iron cage.” On March 12, in Lons-le-Saunier, the marshal addressed the soldiers of four regiments with a heated speech about Napoleon’s treachery, his violation of his promises to France and the European powers, and the disasters threatening the country if the fugitive prisoner of Elba is not stopped. The answer was deathly silence.

On the night of March 14, Ney received a laconic note from Napoleon: “I will receive you as I received you the next day after the battle of Moscow.” On the morning of the same day, the Prince of Moscow, to the complete delight of his fighters, announced that the Bourbon cause was lost, and to enthusiastic cries: “Long live the emperor!” Long live Marshal Ney! went over with all his troops to Napoleon's side. When one of the royalist officers bitterly reproached him, Ney replied: “What do you think should have been done? Can I stop the movement of the sea with my own hands? The Bourbons were in complete panic: “The troops are going over to the emperor’s side without a fight, province after province, city after city are falling at his feet without a shadow of resistance, something is happening that could not have been expected.” In the center of Paris, some wit attached a huge poster to the Place Vendôme: “From Napoleon to Louis XVIII. King, my brother, don’t send more troops, I have enough of them.” Less witty, but shorter and more ominous inscriptions also appeared in Paris: “Death to the Bourbons!”

The king flees Paris. The royal court was seized by real panic. The ghosts of the executed Louis XVI and the Duke of Enghien wandered around the Tuileries Palace, depriving the royal family and courtiers of any sleep. In an atmosphere of general confusion, Louis XVIII made and on March 19 carried out the only right decision: to flee! And on March 20, Napoleon received an enthusiastic meeting in Paris.

Napoleon in Paris. Returning to Paris, the victor instructed the famous liberal B. Constant to develop a draft constitution, which was done on April 23. But the main ones for Napoleon, who returned to power, were still foreign policy problems. Realizing that France was exhausted and did not want war, Napoleon pretended to be peaceful: he turned to the European powers with a proposal to preserve the order established after his return. The former prisoner of Elbe really hoped for discord in the coalition. In order to sow distrust, suspicion and enmity among the allies, Napoleon sent Alexander I a secret agreement on a military alliance of England, Austria and France against Russia that fell into his hands.

Defeat in the Franco-Russian War of 1812 led to the collapse of Napoleon's empire and in 1814, after the entry of the anti-French coalition troops into Paris, Napoleon abdicated the throne and was exiled to the island of Elba.

During his exile on Elba, Napoleon I closely followed the events in France and the progress of the Congress of Vienna, which summed up the victorious wars of the anti-French coalition. Knowing the dissatisfaction of the French with the rule of Louis XVIII and the disputes between the victorious powers, Napoleon tried to seize power again.

On February 26, Napoleon, together with a group of comrades, sailed to France and five days later landed in the south of the country. King Louis XVIII sent an army against Napoleon, which, however, went over to the side of the ex-emperor. On March 13, Napoleon issued a decree restoring the Empire and on March 20 entered Paris victoriously. The king and his court moved from the capital to Ghent in advance. From March 20, 100 days of Napoleon's re-rule begin.

The Allies, frightened by the news of Napoleon's return to power, created the seventh anti-Napoleonic coalition. On June 18 at Waterloo, Napoleon's army was defeated, and on June 22 he abdicated the throne again. After leaving France, Napoleon voluntarily arrived on the English warship Bellerophon in the port of Plymouth, hoping to receive political asylum from his old enemies - the British.

However, Napoleon was arrested and spent the last six years of his life in captivity on the island of St. Helena, where he died in 1821. In 1840, Napoleon's remains were transported to France and reburied at Les Invalides in Paris.

Soviet historian Evgeny Tarle wrote with inimitable irony: “The government and Parisian press close to the ruling spheres moved from extreme self-confidence to complete loss of spirit and undisguised fear. Typical of her behavior during these days was the strict sequence of epithets applied to Napoleon as he advanced from south to north.

The first news: “The Corsican monster has landed in Juan Bay.”
Second news: “The cannibal is coming to Grasse.”
Third news: “The usurper has entered Grenoble.”
Fourth news: "Bonaparte occupied Lyon."
Fifth news: “Napoleon is approaching Fontainebleau.”
Sixth news: “His Imperial Majesty is expected today in his faithful Paris.”

This entire literary gamut fit into the same newspapers, with the same editors, for several days.”

"The Devil Pays or Bonnino Returns from Hell from the Island of Elba." Caricature from 1815

Caricature of Louis XVIII (the king tries to pull on Napoleon Bonaparte's boots)

"Jump from Paris to Lille." The ill-fated French king Louis XVIII, suffering from gout, limps, flees from Napoleon. Caricature from 1815

“Indigestible pie” (Louis XVIII is lying under the table, at the table from left to right is the Prussian King Frederick Film III, Alexander I, Wellington, the Austrian Emperor Franz I. Napoleon crawls out of the pie). Caricature from 1815

"Sunset". Climbing out, Napoleon tilts the cap to extinguish the candles, on which the French king sits. Louis XVIII loses his balance, dropping the Constitutional Charter, and his crown is stolen by the imperial eagle. Caricature from 1815

"Great maneuvers or the Rascal marches to the island of Elba." 1815 cartoon depicting Napoleon's exile on the island of Elba

"Robinson of the Island of Elba". Caricature from 1815

Caricature of Napoleon on the Elbe

"Swing". On the left are the Prussian, Austrian and Russian monarchs sitting on a swing, on the right is Bonaparte. He weighs more than all the monarchs of the anti-Napoleonic coalition. The French king Louis XVIII fell from a swing. Caricature from 1815

"The Barber of the Elbe" A French soldier shaves Louis XVIII and exclaims: "It's finished! You're shaved!" The king bleats: “What soap!” (The soap says "Imperial Essence"). Beneath Louis' feet lies the Constitutional Charter. Caricature from 1815

"The Fate of France" The Order of the Legion of Honor weighs more than all the monarchs of the anti-Napoleonic coalition combined. Caricature from 1815

"Napoleon returned from Elba." Author Karl Karlovich Steuben (1788–1856). E. Tarle: “On the morning of March 7, Napoleon arrived in the village of Lamur. Troops in battle formation were visible in the distance ahead... Napoleon looked through a telescope for a long time at the troops advanced against him. Then he ordered his soldiers to take the gun under their left hand and turn the muzzle into the ground. “Forward!” - he commanded and walked ahead right under the guns of the advanced battalion of the royal troops lined up opposite him. The commander of this battalion looked at his soldiers, turned to the adjutant of the garrison commander and said to him, pointing to his soldiers: “What should I do? Look at them, they are pale , like death, and tremble at the mere thought of having to shoot at this man." He ordered the battalion to retreat, but they did not have time. Napoleon ordered 50 of his cavalrymen to stop the battalion preparing to retreat. “Friends, don’t shoot!” the cavalrymen shouted. “Here is the emperor ! The battalion stopped. Then Napoleon came close to the soldiers, who froze with their guns at the ready, not taking their eyes off the lone figure in a gray frock coat and triangular hat approaching them with a firm step. “Soldiers of the fifth regiment!” was heard among the dead silence. “Do you recognize me?” » - "Yes Yes Yes!" - they shouted from the ranks. Napoleon unbuttoned his coat and opened his chest. “Which of you wants to shoot your emperor? Shoot!” Eyewitnesses to the end of their days could not forget those thunderous joyful cries with which the soldiers, having disrupted the front, rushed to Napoleon. The soldiers surrounded him in a close crowd, kissed his hands, his knees, cried with delight and behaved as if in a fit of mass insanity. With difficulty it was possible to calm them down, form them into ranks and lead them to Grenoble."

"Brought by Freedom, Napoleon was greeted with enthusiasm by both the people and the army." Caricature from 1815

Return from Elbe. Illustration from the book "Life of Napoleon Bonaparte" by William Milligan Sloane (Sloane, William Milligan, 1850-1928)

Jules Vernet. Return of Napoleon from Elba

Joseph Beaume. Napoleon leaves Elba and returns to France on February 26, 1815

Pierre Vernet. Return of Napoleon from Elba. 1815

English caricature of Marshal Ney, who went over to Napoleon's side. Ney was convicted by the Bourbon court and executed in December 1815. E. Tarle: “Coming out in front of the front, he [Ney] grabbed the sword from its sheath and shouted in a loud voice: “Soldiers! The Bourbon cause is forever lost. The legitimate dynasty that France has chosen for itself ascends to the throne. The Emperor, our sovereign, must henceforth reign over this beautiful country." Shouts of "Long live the Emperor! Long live Marshal Ney!" his words were drowned out. Several royalist officers immediately disappeared. Ney did not interfere with them. One of them immediately broke his sword and bitterly reproached Ney. "What do you think should have been done? “Can I stop the movement of the sea with my two hands?” Ney answered.

Caricature of Napoleon's escape from the island of Elba

A caricature of Napoleon standing up and King Louis XVIII turning upside down. 1815

More about how it all looked 200 years ago (again according to Tarla):
"On March 20, 1815, at 9 o'clock in the evening, Napoleon, surrounded by his retinue and cavalry, entered Paris. A countless crowd was waiting for him in the Tuileries Palace and around the palace. When, from a very long distance, they began to reach the palace square, intensifying every minute and finally turning In a continuous, deafening, joyful cry, the cries of the countless crowd running behind Napoleon's carriage and the retinue galloping around the carriage, another huge crowd, waiting at the palace, rushed towards. The carriage and retinue, surrounded on all sides by a countless mass, could not move further. The guards tried in vain to clear the way. “People screamed, cried, rushed straight to the horses, to the carriage, not wanting to listen to anything,” the cavalrymen surrounding the imperial carriage later said. The crowd, like a madman (according to witnesses), rushed to the emperor, pushing aside the retinue, she opened the carriage and, amid incessant screams, carried Napoleon into the palace and up the main staircase of the palace to the apartments on the second floor. After the most grandiose victories, the most brilliant campaigns, after the most enormous and rich conquests, he was never greeted in Paris as on the evening of March 20, 1815. One old royalist later said that this was real idolatry. As soon as the crowd was hardly persuaded to leave the palace and Napoleon found himself in his old office (from where the fleeing King Louis XVIII had emerged 24 hours earlier), he immediately set about the affairs that surrounded him on all sides. The incredible has happened. An unarmed man, without firing a shot, without the slightest struggle, walked from the Mediterranean coast to Paris in 19 days, expelled the Bourbon dynasty and reigned again."

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CHPCHTBEEOOYE oBRPMEPOB U PUFTPPCHB UMSHVB;
RIPPD ABOUT RBTYC

chPCHTBEEOYE OBRPMEPOB U PUFTTPCHB UMSHVB CH 1815 ZPDH UFBMP UBNSHCHN PFYUBSOOSCHN RTEDRTYSFYEN PE CHUEK EZP LBTSHETE. CHNEUFE U ZPTUFLPK YULBFEMEK RTYLMAYUEOIK ON CHCHUBDYMUS OB ZHTBOGKHULYK VETEZ, U LPFPTPZP NEOEE YUEN UB ZPD DP FPZP VSCHM YIZOBO, Y CHPRTELY CHUENKH RTPNBTYYTPCHBM PF lBOO DP r BTYTSB, OBYUBCH UCHPK RPIPD LBL YZPK Y ЪBLPOYUYCH FTYKHNZHBMSHOSCHN CHPCHTBEEOYEN UEVE KhFTBYOOOPZP FYFKHMB ZHTBOGHYULPZP YNRETBFPTB. rPDPVOSCHK YBZ FTEVPCHBM YULMAYUYFEMSHOPK UYMSCHY RTYUKHFUFCHYS DHib. oEPVIPDYNP VSHMP CHSHCHDETTSYCHBFSH DPMZYE RETEIPDSCH, DBCHBFSH PFRPT OERTYSFEMSHULIN CHPKULBN Y YULHUOP KHRTBCHMSFSH UCHPYNY, OHTsOP VSHMP RYUBFSH Y REYUBFBFSH RTPLMBNBGYY, RTPY ЪOPUIFSH TEYUY. OBRPMEPO THLPCHPDYM CHUEN U RPVEDPOPUOPK MEZLPUFSHA, RPCHUADH ЪBCHPECHSHCHBS RPRHMSTOPUFSH Y UMBCHH ABOUT CHUE THLY NBUFETB. oEHDYCHYFEMSHOP, YuFP VPMSHYOUFChP ECHTPREKGECH, RPTBCEOOSHE LFYN CHEMILPMEROSCHN tour de force (NBTY UYMSCH ZhT.), TEYYMYY, YuFP PO CHETOKHMUS OBDMZP Y VPTPFSHUS UP UFPMSH NPZKHYUN ZEOYEN VEUUNSHUMEOOP. CHUEZP FTY NEUSGB URKHUFS FPF TSE UBNSCHK YuEMPCHEL, CHEMILYK obRPMEPO, RPCHEM LBNRBOYA RTY chBFETMPP CH UPCHETYOOOP JOPK NBOETE, DEMBS PYYVLH ЪB PYYVLPK, FPYuOP PE CHOE'BROPN RPNTBYUEOY Y. UMPCHOP LFP VSHCHM DTHZPK YUEMPCHEL, UMPCHO UHDSHVB OBTPYuOP CHNEFOKHMB EZP CHOPCHSH L FOURTH CHMBUFY, KHVYTBS CHUE FTHDOPUFY U EZP RKhFY Y RTEDPUFBCHMSS YUBUFMYCHCHE UMHYUBY ABOUT LBCDPN R PChPTPFE FPMSHLP DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH NEOEE ZPTSHLPK RPLBBBMBUSH TBURMBFB, KHZPFPCHBOOBS ENKH ЪB RPUMEDOYE DCHBDGBFSH MEF. pVMEYUEOOOSCHK CHETIPCHOPK CHMBUFSHA, BY RTPChPZMBUYM UEVS YNRETBFPTPN, YUEMPCHELPN, LPFPTPZP YUFYMY Y YUEUFCHPCHBMY DTHZIE. OP UFPYMP FPMSHLP ENKH DPUFYUSH BFPZP RPMPTSEOYS, LBL HDBYUB PFCHETOHMBUSH PF OEZP, Y YUFPTYS RPUMEDHAEYI FTEI NEUSGECH, LPZDB UBNSH OBRTSSEOOSH KHUYMYS OE RTYOEUMY ENKH OYUEZP, LTPNE TEKHMSHFBFPCH, PVTBFOSCHI CEMBENSHCHN, RPJCHPMSEF RTEDRPMPTSYFSH, YuFP PO, PFOADSH OE THLPCHPDS UPVSHCHFYSNY UCHPYI RPVEDOSCHI DOEK, LBL Y CHUE YUFPTYYUEULYE DESFEMY, VSHM CHEDPN UYMBNY, OBD LPFPTSCHNY UBN VSHHM OE CHMBUFEO.-

h NBTFE 1815 ZPDB PFLTSCHMYUSH RETURELFYCHSH RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOPZP NYTB CH ECHTPR. dMYFEMSHOBS CHPKOB U ZHTBOGYEK, CH LPFPTHA BOZMYS PLBBBMBUSH CHFSOHFPK VPMEE YUEN ABOUT DCHBDGBFSH MEF, ЪBLPOYUMBUSH CHEUOPK RTPYMPZP ZPDB, B YNRETBFPT OBRPMEPO, LTHZPN RPVETSDEO OSHCHK, VSHM CHSCHOKHTSDEO PFTEYUSHUS Y PVNEOSFSH ЪБЧПЭЧБOOХА YN CHEMILHA YNRETYA ABOUT KHRTBCHMEOYE NBMEOSHLINE PUFTPPCHPN bMSHVB KH RPVETETSSHS yFBMYY. chNEUFP OEZP FERETSH RTBCHYM RTEUFBTEMSHCHK, OYUEUFPMAVYCHSHCHK EZP UPCHETYEOOP iTYUFYBOULPE CHEMYUUEUFChP MADPCHYL XVIII, YUSHYN ZMBCHOSCHN UFTENMEOYEN VSHMP UPITBOYFSH IPTPYE PFOPYEOYS U NPZHEEUFCHEOOSCHNY DETSBCHBNY, LPIN ON VSHHM PVSBO UCHPYN CHPCHTBEEOYEN ABOUT FTPO ZhTBOGYY. ъB OUEULPMSHLP OEDEMSH DP bfpzp Vshchm RPDRYUBO DPZPCHPT P NYTE Y DTHTSVE NETSDKH CHEMYLPVTYFBOYEK Y UPEDOOOOSCHNY yFBFBNY BNETYLY, UPUFPSOYE CHPKOSH NETSDKH LPFPTSCHNY DMYMPUSH U 1812 ZPDB. UBNSCHK VMBZPUFOSHK RPLPK UNEOYM YTPL TBCHETOHCHYHAUS VHTA, LPFPTBS FBL STPUFOP VKHYECHBMB UP CHTENEO CHURSHCHYLY ZHTBOGKHULPK TECHPMAGYY, Y LBBMPUSH, YuFP ZPUKHDBTUFCHBN D MS CHPUUFBOPCHMEOYS OEPVIPDYNSCH VSHMY MYYSH FETREOYE Y TBCHYFYE RTPNSCHYMEOOPUFY.

nPOBTIY Y DYRMPNBFSH UPVYTBMYUSH CH WHAT U UEOFSVTS, YUFPVSH KHMBDYFSH ЪBRKhFBOOSCH ECHTPREKULYE DEMB . fP VSHMP UPCHEEBOYE ​​RTEDUFBCHYFEMEC DYOBUFYK CH RPYULBI LPNRTPNYUUB, ABOUT PUOPCH LPFPTPZP VHDHEBS DYRMPNBFYS NPZMB VSH YI RTBCHSEYE DPNB PF PRBUOPUFEK CPKO SCH Y TECHPMAGYY. edChB MY POY ЪBDHNSCHCHBMYUSH P UHDSHVBI NBMEOSHLYI MADEK, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN CHPRTPUB P TBVUFCHE, LPFPTSCHK CHEUSHNB YOFETEUPCHBM BOZMYA. pDOBLP, PRTEDEMEOOP, NYT VSHM RTEDNEFPN RETCHPK OEPVIPDYNPUFY CH FE CHTENEOB, Y NPTsOP VSHMP, RP LTBKOEK NETE, OBDESFSHUS, YuFP ЪB EZP RTPYuOSCHN KHUFBOPCHMEOYEN CHULPTE RPUMEDHEF KHMHYUYEOYE KH MPCHYK TSYYOY DMS YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB CH GEMPN.

iPFSH NYT Y VSHM UFPMSH TSEMBOEO, PUOPCHH DMS OEZP VSCHMP FTHDOP OBKFY, Y ABOUT CHEOULPN LPOZTEUUE YNEMY NEUFP OUEULPMSHLP LTYFYUEULYI NPNEOFPCH, LPZDB LBBMPUSH, YuFP ChPKOB ZPF PCHB CHOPCHSH TBTBYFSHUS NETSDH RPFETSCHIYNYY FETREOYE Y PVOEBCHYYNYY UFTBOBNY. uPAYOILY MEZLP OBIPDIMY PVEYK SJSHL, RPLB VSHMY UCHSBOSCH DTKHZ U DTHZPN GEMSHHA RPVEDIFSH OBRPMEPOB, OP FERETSH, LPZDB PRBUOPUFSH NYOPCHBMB, YI YOFETEUSCH TBDEMYMYUSH, LBTSDSCHK YЪ OYI YUKHCHUFCHPCHBM RPFTEVOPUFSH RTEUMEDPCHBFSH UCHPY, Y UPCHEEBOYS RTPPIPDYMY VHTOP. rTPPVMENB, TBBPVEBCHYBS YI VPMEE CHUEZP, UPUFPSMB CH UKhDSHVE rPMSHYY. gBTSH bMELUBODT I, RPDDETSYCHBENSCHK ZhTDTYIPN chYMSHZEMSHNPN III, LPTPMEN rTKHUUYY, TSEMBM UDEMBFS rPMSHYKH EDYOPK RPD UCHPYN RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPN. ENH TEOLP RTPPHYCHPUFPSMY BCHUFTYKULYK YNRETBFPT ZHTBOG I Y KHRPMOPNPYUEOOOSCHK CHEMYLPVTYFBOYY LBUMTY. nBUMP CH PZPOSH HOETZYYUOP RPDMYCHBM fBMEKTBO, RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH MADPCHYLB XVIII, LPFPTSCHK OBDESMUS HMHYUYYFSH RPMPTSEOYE ZhTBOGYY, CHSHCHUFHRBS ABOUT UFPTPOE CHEMYLPVTYFBOYY BCHUFTYY. h LPOGE LPOGPCH bMELUBODT Y ZHTDTYI CHYMSHZEMSHN OBYUBMY KHZTPTSBFSH DTHZYN UFPMSH CHYOUFCHEOOP, YuFP fBMEKTBOKH KHDBMPUSH KHVEDYFSH lBUMTY Y NEFFETOIB, NYOYUFTB BCHUFTYKULPZP Y NRETBFPTB, RPDRYUBFSH UELTEFOSCHK DPZPCHPT P UPFTHDOYUEUFCHE NETSDH CHEMYLPVTYFBOYEK, bCHUFTYEK Y ZHTBOGYEK RTPFYCH tPUUYYY rTHUUYY.

lFPF UELTEFOSCHK DPZPCHPT VSHM RPDRYUBO 3 SOCHBTS 1815 ZPDB. BY PRTEDEMEOOP UMHTSYM CHPUUFBOPCHMEOYA YOFETEUPCH ZhTBOGYY. fBMEKTBO, DPMTSOP VSHFSH, U VPMSHYYN KHDPCHMEFCHPTEOYEN RYUBM MADPCHYLH XVIII, YuFP “...LPBMYGYS TBBPVEEOB. zhTBOGYS VPMEE OE YЪPMYTPCHBOB CH ECHTPRE.”

iPFS DPZPCHPT Y VSHM UELTEFOSCHN, bMELUBODT RPYUFY UTBH KHOBM P OEN, Y, RPULPMSHLH OY PO, OY LPTPMSH rTKHUYYE VPMSHYE OE IPFEMY OBYUBMB EEE PDOPK VPMSHYPK ECHTPREKULPK CHPKOSHCH, LT YYYU TBTEYYMUS RTYNETOP ЪB PDOKH OPYUSH. lBUMTY OBRYUBM BOZMYKULPNKH RTENSHET-NYOYUFTH MPTDH MYCHETRKHMA: “khZTPЪB CHPKOSH KHUFTBOOEOB.” URPTSH RTDPDPMTSBMYUSH CH VPMEE TBUUHDYFEMSHOPK NBOETE, Y CH OBYUBME ZHECHTBMS LPNRTPNYUU NETSDH DETSBCHBNY VSHM DPUFYZOKHF Y PZHPTNMEO DPZPCHPTPN.

3 ZHECHTBMS, CH DEOSH, LPZDB LPNRTPNYUU VSHM RTYOSF, ZETGPZ chEMMYOZFPO RTYVSHCHM CH CHEOKH, YUFPVSH ЪBOSFSH NEUFP MPTDB lBUMTY, LPFPTSCHK, VKHDHYU ZMBChPK RBMBFSH PVEYO, DPMTS EO VSHM CHETOHFSHUS DPNPK Y PFCHEFYFSH ABOUT LTYFYLH, CHSHCHDCHYOKHFHA RTPFYCH OEZP CH RBTMBNEOFE. rPUME RTEDUFBCHMEOYS CHEMMYOZFPOB YUMEOBN lPOZTEUUB Y CHEOULPNH PVEEUFCHH lBUMTY RPLYOKHM ZPTPD 14 ZHECHTBMS, YUFPVSH CHUFTEFYFSH MYGPN L MYGH PUKhTSDEOYE PRRPYGYY, LPFPTBS P VChYOSMB EZP CH TEBLGYPOOPUFY.

URPT RTDDPMTSYMUS, OP RKHYLY VMBZPTBKHNOP NPMYUBMY. h CHOE ZETGPZ UIMSHOP RTPUFKhDYMUS, Y ZPUFYOSCH RPLBBBMYUSH ENKH DKHYOSCHNY Y YUETEUYUKHT TsBTLP OBFPRMEOOSCHNY. pDOBLP CH EZP RPMPTSEOYY PO OE Refinery Y'VEZBFSH PVEEUFCHEOOSCHI NETPRTYSFYK Y CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM RTYNYTYFSHUS U TsBTLYNY LPNOBFBNY Y MEUFSHA, LPFPTHA PO LBL ZETPK RYTEOEKULPK CHPKOSH RTYOINBM U DPUFPYOUFCHPN Y IMBDOPLTPCHYEN. BY VSHHM UDETTSBOOSCHN YUEMPCHELPN, Y EZP, RP-CHYDYNPNH, OE PUEOSH CHPMOPCHBMB CHOYOSS UFPTPOB CHEEK.

rPULPMSHLH PRBUOPUFSH OPCHPK CHPKOSH VSHMB KHUFTBOOEOB, YUMEOSH lPOZTEUUB RPZTHYMYUSH CH PVSHYUOHA THFYOKH UPCHEEBOYK Y TBUFPYUYFEMSHOSCHI TBCHMEYOOYK. rTPPVMENB CHUE EEE RTEDUFBCHMSMB OELPFPTSHCHE FTHDOPUFY, OP OE VSHMB PUPVEOOOP PRBUOB, CHPRTPU PV yFBMYY VSHHM RTPSUOOE CHNEUFE U RPMSHULINE CHPRTPUPN, Y EE ​​UHDSHVB VSHMB PFOSHCHOE TEYOB . Dthzye Chbtsyokye RTPVMENSH FLCHMY TBYYOSHSH, I LOBMH NBTFB VSHMYA CHASHTBVPBOSHSH PVEIE RPMPCEIS, BBTBVBPHCHCHCHCHMY FPMSHLP FPMSHLP PFDEMS. h LBLPK-FP NPNEOF MADI, UMPCHOP CH OPYUOPN LPNBTE, ЪBFBYCH DSHIBOYE, PTSYDBMY OBYUBMB OPChPK CHPKOSHCH, OP FERTSH OBRTSEOYE URBMP, RTYVMYTSBMBUSH CHEUOB, Y ZPUFY BCHUFTYKULPK UFPMY GSH U TBDPUFOSHN PVMEZUEOYEN RTEDDBCHBMYUSH YZTE CH NSYU, VBOLEFBN Y DTHZYN PVEEUFCHEOOSCHN DEMBN, LPFPTSHCHE RTECHTBFYMY lPOZTEUU CH TPULPYOPE RTBDOEUFCHP. yNRETBFPTULYE DCHPTGSCH Y PZTPNOSH DPNB NEFFETOYIB YYCHBTGEOVETZB LBTSDSCHK CHYUET PZMBYBMYUSH NHYSCHLPK, UNEPN Y UYSMY GCHEFBNY ​​Y DTBZPGEOOPUFSNY CH UCHEFE FSHCHUSYU CNC LPCHSCHI UCHEUEK. lBBBMPUSH OECHPNPTSOSCHN, YUFPVSH LBLPE-MYVP UPVShchFYE NPZMP FERTSH ЪBUFBCHYFSH CHPPTHTSEOOSHE UYMSCH ECHTPRSCH RTYKFY CH DCHYTSEOYE.

rPFPNH FBL CHEMILP VSHMP YJKHNMEOYE Y EEE VPMSHYE OZPDPCHBOYE, LPZDB CH OBYUBME NBTFB UFBMP YJCHEUFOP, YuFP obRPMEPO, RPUME FPZP LBL PLPMP ZPDB PO U CHIDYNSCHN UNYTEOYEN RETEOPUYM UC PE YZOBOYE, CHOEBROP PUFBCHYM PUFTPC UMSHVB, YUFPVSHCHETOKHFSHUS CH VPMSHYKHA RPMYFYLH. fBL OBYUBMYUSH OBNEOYFSHCHE "UFP DOEK". OBOY RTEDLY, PDOBLP, OE NPZMY OBFSH P FPN, LBL CH VKHDHEEN VKHDHF OBSHCHBFSH YI OEYUBUFSHS. RETED OYNY VSHMB RETURELFYCHB CHPVOPCHMEOYS CHPKOSHCH, LPFPTBBS, EUMY ZhPTFHOB CHOPCHSH PLBTSEFUS VMBZPULMPOOPC LOBRPMEPOKH, NPZMB RTYOUFY ENKH UPA'OILPC Y RTDDPMTsBFSHUS VEULP OYUOP. CHUEZP FTY ZPDB OBBD obRPMEPO VSHM IPЪSYOPN ECHTPRSCH, EZP UMBCHB VSHMB PZTPNOB, Y CHTSD MY DBCE PDOP EZP YNS NPZMP VShchFSH RTPYOOUEOP VEJ UFTBIB Y CHETCH CH FP, YuFP OEChP NPTsOPE DMS DTHZYI CHPNPTsOP VHI OEZP. CHEOB CHOEBROP YYNEOYMBUSH. MADY UPVYTBMYUSH ZTHRRRBNY ABOUT HMYGBI, PCYDBS OPCHPUFEK Y PVUKHTSDBS UMKHIY. “LBLPCSHCH OBNETEOYS OBRPMEPOB? URTBYCHBMY SING DTHZ DTHZB. lBLYE YBZY RTEDRTYONBAF CHMBUFY?”

ZETGPZ CHEMMYOZFPO VSHHM RETCHSHCHN, LFP KHOOBM CH Cheoe bFKH OPCHPUFSH, POB RTYYMB YJJMPTEOGYY CH RYUSHNE PF MPTDB VETZETYB, ZDE ZPCHPTYMPUSH, YuFP OBRPMEPO PFRMSHCHM U UMSHVSHCH OEYCHEUF OPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. bCHUFTYKULYK NYOYUFT NEFFETOYI CH FP TSE UBNPE CHTENS RPMKHYUM RPIPTSEE UPPVEEOYE PF BCHUFTYKULPZP ZEOETBMSHOPZP LPOUKHMB CH ZEOKHE. h OEN VSHMP OBRYUBOP UMEDHAEEE:

“BOZMIKULYK KHRPMOPNPYUEOOOSCHK lNRVEMM FPMSHLP UFP CHPUYEM CH ZBCHBOSH. ON ЪBRTBYCHBM, CHYDEM MY LFP-MYVP OBRPMEPOB CH ZEOKHE, YNES CH CHIDKH FPF ZBLF, YuFP PO YUYUEU PUFTPPCHB UMSHVB. rPMKHYYCH PFTYGBFEMSHOSHCHK PFCHEF, BOZMYKULYK ZHTEZBF VEЪ RTPNEDMEOYS KHYEM CH NPTE.”

NEFFETOYI CH UCHPYI NENKHBTBI RYYEF, YuFP PO TBUREYUBFBM LFP RYUSHNP YI ZEOKHY TBOP KhFTPN 7 NBTFB Y RPUREYYM U OYN L YNRETBFPTH zhTBOGKH. zhTBOG OENEDMEOOOP RPUMBM EZP L TKHUULPNH GBTA Y LPTPMA rTKHUYY U UPPVEEOYEN P FPN, YuFP PO, zhTBOG, ZPFPCH RTYLBBFSH UCHPEK BTNYY YDFY PVTBFOP PE zhTBOGYA. NEFFETOYI RYYEF:

“h RSFOBDGBFSH NYOHF DECHSFPZP S VSCHM X YNRETBFPTB bMELUBODTTB, LPFPTSCHK PFPUMBM NEOS U FENY TSE UMPCHBNY, YuFP Y YNRETBFPT zhTBOG. h RPMPCHYOE DECHSFPZP S RPMKHYUM FPYuOP FBLPE CE ЪBSCHMEOYE PF LPTPMS ZhTDTYIB CHYMSHZEMSHNB III. h DECHSFSH YUBUPCH S UOPCHB VSCHM DPNB, LKhDB S RPRTPUYM RTYEIBFSH ABOUT CHUFTEYUKH UP NOPK ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB LOSYS YCHBTGEOVETZB. h DEUSFSH YUBUPCH RP NPEK RTPUSHVE RTYVSHMY NYOYUFTSH YUEFSHTEI UFTBO. h LFPF YUBU BDYAAFBOFSH KHCE UREYYMYMY PE CHUEI OBRTBCHMEOSI U RTYLBYBNY PUFBOPCHIFSHS BTNYSN, LPFPTSCHE CHPCHTBBEBMYUSH DPNPK.”

fBL CHPKOB VSHMB OBYUBFB NEOEE YUEN EB YUBU.

fBMEKTBO VSHM FBLCE RTYZMBYEO RTYOSFSH KHYUBUFYE CH UPVTBOY YUEFSHTEI NYOYUFTPCH, P LPFPTPN ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, Y BY RTYVSHCHM RETCHSHCHN. eUMY LFP-FP CH ECHTPRE Y IPFEM KHOBFSH, YuFP ULBTSEF OBRPMEPO, RTETSDE YUEN DPVYFSH EZP, FP NEFFETOYI fBMEKTBO VSHCHMY OE YI YYYUMB. pVB DBCHOP EZP OEOOBCHYDEMY Y FTHDYMYUSH ABOUT OYCH DIRMPNBFY lPOZTEUUB UMYYLPN KHUETDOP Y UMYYLPN KHUREYOP, YuFPVSH OE RTYKFY CH VEYEOUFChP, ЪБЧДС ХЗТПЪХ FPZP, YuFP Y AND TBVPFB OE VHDEF ЪBLPOYUEOB. NEFFETOYI VSHM OBUFTPEO VPMEE REUUYNYUFYUOP, YUEN fBMEKTBO, LPFPTSCHK OE DKHNBM, YuFP obRPMEPO TYULOEF CHCHUBDIFSHUS PE ZhTBOGYY, ZDE RP RKhFY ABOUT UMSHVH RTPYMPK CHEUOPK EZP FBL RT PLMYOBMY CH ATSOSCHI DERBTFBNEOFBI. “PO CHCHUBDYFUS ZDE-OYVKhDSH ABOUT YFBMSHSOULPN RPVETETSHE, ZPCHPTYM fBMEKTBO, B ЪBFEN VTPUIFUS CH YCHEKGBTYA.”

"PO RPKDEF RTSNP ABOUT RBTYC", PFCHYUBM NEFFETOYI.

YDES P FPN, YUFPVSH UDEMBFS obrpmepob RTBCHYFEMEN uMSHVSH, RTYOBDMETSBMB bMELUBODTKH . NEFFETOYI VSHCHM CHCHOKHTSDEO U LFYN UPZMBUYFSHUS CHCHYDH PZTPNOPK CHMBUFY GBTS, IPFS Y CHPTBTsBM, YuFP LFP PYUEOSH PRBUOP. gBTSH PFCHYUBM, YuFP oBRPMEPO UPZMBUYMUS PFOSCHOE DETSBFSHUS CH UFPTPOE PF UPVSHCHFYK ABOUT LPOFYEOF, Y VSHMP VSH PULPTVIFEMSHOP RPDCHETZOKhFSH UPNOEOYA UMPChP UPMDBFB Y NPOBTIB. gBTSH DEKUFCHPCHBM CH UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U LPDELUPN CHEDEOYS CHPKOSH XVIII CHELB, OP NEFFETOYI OE DPCHETSM OBRPMEPOH, UCHPYN KHUREIPN PE NOPZPN PVSBOOPNH CHPNPTSOPUFSN, LPFPTSHCHE LFPF LPDELU DPU FBCHYM ENKH CH RETCHEOUFCHE OBD DTHZYNY. ON ULBBM GBTA, YuFP RPDRYYEF DPZPCHPT, RTEDPUFBCHMSAEYK obRPMEPOKH LPTPMECHUFCHP, OP RTEDHRTEDYM, YuFP LFP NEOEE YUEN YETE DCHB ZPDB UOPCHB RTYCHEDEF UPAYOILPC ABOUT RPME VYFCHSHCH.

ZETGPZ CHEMMYOZFPO FBLCE RPMBZBM, SFP obRPMEPO RPKDEF ABOUT RBTYTS, Y OPCHPUFY, RPUFKHRYCHYE UB RPUMEDOYE DEOSH-DCHB, RPLBYSCHBMY, SFP POY U NEFFETOYIPN VSHMY RTBCHSHCH. OBRPMEPO CHCHUBDIMUS ABOUT RPVETETSHE ZhTBOGYY OEDBMELP PF lBOO U UPVUFCHOOOPK NBMEOSHLPK BTNYEK CH LPMYUUEUFCHE PLPMP 1100 YUEMPCHEL. h LFPN TBKPOE CHUE VSHMP FYIP, h lBOOBI VSCHMY ЪBLHRMEOSCH NHMSCH, MPYBDY ЪBRBU RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS, І OBRPMEPO UP UCHPYNY RPUMEDPCHBFEMSNY PFRTBCHYMUS ABOUT ACCOUNTING, RTEDRPMPTSYFEMSH OP CH OBRTBCHMEOY UFPMYGSHCH. sing CHSHCHUBDYMYUSH ABOUT VETEZ 1 NBTFB Y CH RPMOPYUSH PFRTBCHYMYUSH RP ZPTOPK DPTPZE CH zTEOPVMSH.

oPChPUFSH UFBMB YJCHUFOB RP FEN CHTENEOBN OECHETPSFOP VSHUFTP. pOB DPUFYZMB nBTUEMS 3 NBTFB Y mYPOB L KhFTH 5 NBTFB. RETEDBOOBS PFFHDB CH rBTYTS RPUTEDUFCHPN THYUOPK UYZOBMYBGYY, POB DPUFYZMB UFPMYGSHCH CH FEYUEOYE DOS. MADPCHYL XVIII, VPMSHYE RPFTSUEOOSCHK, OETSEMY CHUFTECHPTSEOOSHCHK, URETCHB OENOPZP TBUFETSMUS, OE OBBS, YuFP RTEDRTYOSFSH. ON RPOINBM, YuFP OBUEMEOYE OHTsOP KhDETTSYCHBFSH CH OECHEDEOY LBL NPTsOP DPMSHYE, YuFPVSH YVETSBFSH CHPMOEOYK, Y, RPNYNP OEULPMSHLYI NYOYUFTPC Y YUMEOPCH LPTPMECHULPK UENSHY, OILFP OE VSHM RPUFBCHMEO CH YJCHEUFOPUFSH P UMHYUCHYCHYENUS.

rPMBZBS, YuFP U OBYUBMB UCHPEZP RTBCHMEOYS ON DEMBM VHI ZhTBOGYY CHUE, UFP Oil Refinery, LPTPMSH CHPPVTBYM, VKhDFP RPDBCHMSAEE VPMSHYOUFChP RPDDBOOSCHI RPDDETSBF EZP, OEUNPFTS ABOUT FTHDOPU FY Y WEURPTSDLY. BY RTBCHYM CH UPPFCHEFUFCHY Y LPOUFYFKHGYEK Y DBTPCHBM UFTBOE NYT Y UCHPVPDH. EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP UFPMLOHMPUSH U PVSHYUOSCHNY RTPVMENBNY RPVETSDEOOOPK UFTBOSHCH, ZHTBOGYS VSHMB OBRKHZBOB Y DEPTZBOYPCHBOB RTY PZTPNOPK OEICHBFLE UTEDUFCH. NYTOSHK DPZPCHPT CHSHCHBM CHUEPVEEE OEDPCHPMSHUFCHP, IPFS UPAYOILY RTPSCHYMY EEDTPUFSH RP PFOPYEOYA L UFTBOE, UDBCHYEKUS YN ABOUT NYMPUFSH. zhTBOGYS RPMKHYYMB FE ZTBOYGSCH, LPFPTSCHE YNEMB DP obRPMEPOB CH 1792 ZPDH, OP RPFETS VEMSHZYY MECHPZP VETEZB TEKOB PEHEBMBUSH VPMEOOOOOP Y CHSHCHCHBMB DPUBDKH. vPMEE FPZP, EEE TSYCHB VSHMB UFBTBS TECHPMAGYPOOBS CHTBTSDB, TPSMYUFSHCH, CHETOKHCHYYUSH L CHMBUFY, YUBUFP RTPSCHMSMY OEUZPCHPTYUYCHPUFSH, PVYDYUCHPUFSH Y NUFYFEMSHOOPUFSH, IPFS H LFPN SING OE VSHMY RPIPTSY ABOUT UCHPEZP LPTPMS, LPFPTSCHK VSHM YuEMPCHELPN KHNETEOOSCHN Y CHCHUYEK UFEREOY FETREMYCHSCHN. pDOBLP POY OBYMY RPMOPE PDPVTEOYE X ZTBZHB D"bTFKhB, VTBFB LPTPMS, Y DTHZYI TEBLGYPOOSHI RTYOGECH RTBCHSEEZP DPNB. h PUOPCHOPN CHETOHCHYIUS BNJZTBOFPCH OEBCHYDEMY, UFT BOB VSHMB TBDEMEOB ABOUT ZTHRRYTPCHLY, CHUEZDB ZPFPCHSHCHE OBCHTEDYFSH DTKHZ DTHZKH. PZHYGETPCH-VPOBRTFYUFPCH FP Y DEMP CHP'OILBMY TBMYUOSCH ЪBZPCHPTSH U GEMSHA UCHETTSEOYS TETSYNB.op LPTPMSH RPMBZBM, YuFP CHUE UFY FTHDOPUFY OE CHYUOSCH Y UFTBOB UP CH TENEOEN HURPLPYFUS.UFP VPMSHYEEE Refinery DBFSH ZhTBOGYY RBTMBNEOF, YUEN PO, DBTPCHBCHYK EK iBTFYA ? CHBTsosche ZPUKhDBTUFCHEOOSCH DPMTSOPUFY, RTEZELFSHCH Y UKhDSHY YNRETYY YURPMOSMY UCHPY PVSBOOPUFY, VSHMP ZBTBOFYTPCHBOP UPTBOOEOEYE RPUMETECHPMAGYPOOPZP ENMEKHRTBCHMEOYS, MADI NPZM Y TsYFSH CH VE'PRBUOPUFY, OE UFTBYBUSH UKHDEVOPZP RTPYCHPMB. NPZMY RPCHETYFSH .

NBTYBM UHMSHF, CHPEOOOSCHK NYOYUFT, UYMSHOP UNHEEOOOSCHK RPCHFPTOSHCHN SCHMEOYEN YNRETBFPTB, LPFPTPPNH ON LPZDB-FP DPMZP UMHTSYM, BOETZYUOP RTYOSMUS ЪB DEMP. BY RTEDMPTSYM PFRTB-CHYFSH H ATSOSHCHE RTPCHYOGYY 30 000 YuEMPCHEL RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN ZTBZHB D"bTFHB, ENKH DPTsOSCH VSHMY UPDEKUFCHPCHBFSH EZP USCHOPCHSHS, ZETGPZ BOZKHMENULYK Y ZETGPZ VETT YKULYK, U RPUMEDHAEEK RPNPESHA FTEI NBTYBMPCH ZHTBOGYY nBLDPOBMSHDB, UEO-UYTB Y oES.cheYuETPN 5 NBTFB ZTBZH D "bTFHB CHCHEIBM YЪ rBTYTSB Ch mYPO.

VSHCHYYK NYOYUFT RPMYGYY OBRPMEPOB ZHYE, LPFPTSCHK CHUEZDB KHNEM VSHFSH CH LHTUE CHUEI DEM, KHOOBM P CHCHUBDLE OBRPMEPOB RPYUFY PDOPCHTENEOOOP U LPTPMEN. ch LFP CHTENS BY UPUFPSM Ch VPOBRBTFYUFULPN CHPEOOPN ЪBZPCHPTE U GEMSH HYUTEDYFSH TEZEOFUFChP RTY USHCHOE obrpmepob. oChPUFSH OE PVTBDHPCHBMB EZP: BY TBUUUYFSHCHBM RPMKHYUFSH CHMBUFSH, UFBCH YUMEOPN TEZEOFULPZP UPCHEFB, Y CHCHUE OE YNEM TSEMBOYS CHOPCHSH KHCHYDEFSH ABOUT FTPOE UBNPZP obrpmepob. UP UCHPEK PVSHYUOPK YЪPVTEFBFEMSHOPUFSHA BY THEYM KHULPTYFSH NSFETS, OBNETECHBSUSH PVTBFYFSH UYFKHBGYA CH UCHPA RPMSHЪKH, CHOE ЪBCHYUINPUFY PF FPZP, YUEN ЪBLPOYUYFUS OBRPMEOPCHU LBS BCBOFATB. h UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U LFYN ZPOGSH VSHCHMY CHSHUMBOSHCH H mYMMSH, HERE PFTSDSCH HCE UFPSMY CH RPMOPK ZPFPCHOPUFY NBTYTPCHBFSH ABOUT RBTYTS Y PUBTSDBFSH DCHPTEG FAYMSHTY. pDOBLP CHPUUFBOYE OH L YUENH OE RTYCHAMP. mYYSH ZPTUFLB MADEK RPD RTEDCHPDYFEMSHUFCHPN ZEOETBMB MEZHECHT-DEOHFFFB DPVTBMBUSH DP ZHPOFEOVMP, OP Y POY OE UNPZMY CHSHCHBFSH OH NBMEKYEZP UPYUKHCHUFCHYS Y CHULPTE RTELTBF YMY CHUE RPRSHFLY. fP ZHYBULP RPJCHPMSEF KHFCHETTSDBFSH, YuFP, LBL Y RTEDRPMBZBM MADPCHYL, UYFKHBGYS CH UFTBOE DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP NPZMB VSH UFBVYMYYYTPCHBFSHUS, EUMY VSH OE CHPCHTBEEOY E oBRPMEPOB.

OBRPMEPO Y EZP UFPTPOOIL RTDPDPMTSYMY OBUFHRMEOYE ABOUT ACCOUNTING. l KhFTH 2 NBTFB POY VSCHMY CH zTBUUE, ZDE RPUREYOP RTYZPFPCHYMY UEVE EDH, ABOUT YUFP NEUFOP OBUEMEOYE CHITBMP U OE VPMEE YUEN CHETSMYCHSHCHN YOFETEUPN. h CHPUENSH KhFTB POY UOPCHB CHSHCHUFKHRYMY H RPIPD. dPTPZB, RP LPFPTPK POY DPIMY DP lBOO, DBMSHYE zTBUUB OE CHEMB, Y UMEDHAEYE YEUFSHDEUSF NYMSH YN RTYYMPUSH RTEPDPMEFSH RP ЪBUOETSEOOPK CHSHUPLPZPTOPK FTPR, YEDYEK ЪББУБ UFHA RP LTBA RTPRBUFY. bTFYMMETYA Y TELCHIYTPCHBOOSCHK h lBOOBI PVP RTYYMPUSH VTPUIFSH, NHMSCH VSHCHMY OBCHSHAYUEOSCH LBOPK, Y MADI DCHYZBMYUSH GERPYULPK RP PDOPNKH. FEN, KH LPZP VSHMY MPYBDI, RTYIPDYMPUSH CHEUFY YI CH RPCHPDH, Y DBCE UBN obrpmepo yem reylpn. dPTPZB VSHMB FTHDOPK, Y PO OE PDYO TB URPFSHLBMUS Y RBDBM CH UOEZ. pDOBTDSCH RPUME bFPZP BY PUFBOPCHYMUS RETEDPIOHFSH CH PDYOPLP UFPSCHYEK IYTSYOE, ZDE RTPTSYCHBMY RPTSYMBS TSEOOYOB Y OEULPMSHLP LPTPCH.

“Oh, UFP OPChPZP CH rBTYCE?” URTPUM ON UFBTKHYLKH, PFPZTECHBSUSH X PZOS.

POB RPUNPFTEMB ABOUT OEZP U KHDICHMEOYEN. pFLHDB EK VSHMP OBFSH, YuFP RTPYUIPDYF CH rBTYTSE? yFPF OYLPTPUMSHK RTYENYUFSHCHK YUEMPCHEL CH RTPUFPK UETPK YOYOEMY NPZ VSH U FBLYN TSE KHUREIPN URTPUIFSH EE, YuFP RTPYUIPDYF CH LYFBE.

“OBYUIF, CHCH OE OBEFFE, UFP UEKYUBU DEMBEF LPTPMSH?” URTPUYM oBRPMEPO.

“lPTPMSH? RETEURPTPUYMB TSEEOYOB, EEE VPMEE PJBDBUEOOBS. hShch IPFYFE ULBBBFSH, YNRETBFPT. h rBTYCE RTBCHYF YNRETBFPT oBRPMEPO.”

POB OYUEZP OE OBMB P CHEMILYI UPVSHCHFYSI RPUMEDOYI MEF, Y, RPLYOKHCH IYTSYOKH, OBRPMEPO PVTBFYMUS L PDOPNKH YY UCHPYI URKHFoilPCH, ZEOETBMKH dTKhP, UP UMPCHBNY:

“chPF, dTHP, Y ЪБУEN Ch FBLPN UMHYUBE VPTPFSHUS ЪB NYTPCHHA UMBCHH?”

pDOBLP LFP ZMHVPLPE TBNSCHYMEOYE ЪBUFBCHYMP EZP RPCHETOHFSH OBBD.

dPMZYK RKhFSH RTDPDPMTSBMUS; UPMOGE ЪBYMP, Y PFTSD YYEM CHREDED DP FAIRIES RPT, RPLB YUETE DCHEOBDGBFSH YUBUPCH RPUME CHSCHIPDB YЪ zTBUUB SING OE DPUFYZMY DETECHKHYLY UETBOPO, ZDE RTPCHEMY OPYUSH. ъB DCHEOBDGBFSH YUBUPCH POY RTPYMY VPMEE FTYDGBFY NYMSH, OE CHUFTEYUBS OYLBLPZP UPRTPPFYCHMEOYS. sing CHPPVEE NBMP LPZP CHUFTEYUBMY, RPULPMSHLH DPTPZB, RP LPFPTPK SING YMY, CH LFP CHTENS ZPDB VSHMB RPYUFY VEMADOPK. rTPUFPDHYOSCH PVYFBFEMY ZPTOPK DETECHKHYLY OE VSHMY OBUFTPEOSCH RTPPHYCHPUFPPSFSH UPFOSN CHPPTHTSEOOSHI MADEK, IPFS NHT UETBOPOB Y CHSHUMBM ZPOGB L CHMBUFSN lBUFEMMBOB U UPPVEEOYEN P FPN , YuFP "YNRETBFPT vPOBRBTF" OBIPDIFUS CH EZP PVEYOE UP UCHPEK BTNYEK. ABOUT UMEDHAEE KHFTP OBRPMEPO Y EZP UPMDBFSCH RTYVSHCHMY CH LBUFEMMBO Y VSHMY IPTPYP RTYOSFSHCH; YN RTEJEOFPPCHBMY VPMSHYYE ЪBRBUSH IMEVB, NSUB Y CHIOB, Y oBRPMEPO RPPVEEBM UKHRTEZHELFKH RPCSHCHYOEYE, LPZDB ON DPKDEF DP rBTYTSB. yEM UOEZ, Y YDFY UFBMP EEE FTHDOEE. NHM, OBZTHTSEOOSCHK NEYLBNY DEOOZ, UPTCHBMUS U KHLPK FTPRSH CH KHEEMSHE Y RPZYV, RTYNETOP DCHE FSCHUSYU ЪPMPFSHI NPOEF YUYUEOMY CH RPFPLE CHPDSH Y TBUEEMYOBI ULBM. pFTSD DPUFYZ vBTTENB RPЪDOP OPYUSHA, RTDPDCHYOKHCHYUSH ЪB DEOSH EEE ABOUT DCHBDGBFSH DECHSFSH NYMSH. h FEYUEOYE UMEDHAEYI DCHHI DOEK POY RP-RTETSOENH YMY RP PVMEDEOEMSHN DPTPZBN, ZHPTUITPCHBMY DATBOU Y RTYVSHMY CH ZBR 5-ZP CHEYUETPN. ъDEUSH YI PTSYDBM FERMSCHK RTYEN H NEUFOSCHI TSYFEMEK, LPFPTCHE CH YI YUEUFSH HLTBUYMY ZPTPD YMMANYOBGYEK. Yuen DBMSHYE SING RTPDCHYZBMYUSH ABOUT UECHET, FEN VPMEE DTHTSEMAVOSCHNY UFBOPCHYMYUSH MADI.

Sing HCE RPDIDYMY L ZTEOPVMA, GEOFTH 7-K DYCHYYYY, ZHE LPNBODPCHBM ZEOETBM nBTYBO. p RTYVMYTSEOY OBRPMEPOB HCE VSHMP YJCHEUFOP CH ZPTPDE, Y ZEOETBM ZPFPCHYMUS BTEUFPCHBFSH EZP RP DPMZH UMHTSVSHCH, IPFS Y OE VEY PRBUEOYK, RPULPMSHLH VPMSHYOUFChP UPMDBF CH LBJBTNBI PUFBCHBMYUSH CHETOSCH UCHETZOHFPNH RTBCHYFEMA, Y, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN DCHPTSO Y DHIPCHEOUFCHB, ZPTPTsBOYE TBDEMSMY YI CHZMSDSCH. pVYASCHYCH CH ZPTPDE PUBDOPE RPMPTSEOYE, ZEOETBM nBTYBO RPUMBM OBCHUFTEYUKH VSCCHYENKH YNRETBFPTH VBFBMSHPO REIPFSCH RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN PZHYGETB-TPSMYUFB, Y TEYYFEMSHOSCHK NPNEOF OBUFB M, LPZDB SING OBOSMY RPYGYY KH MBZHZHTE, B YN OBCHUFTEYUKH CHCHYMY CHYOSCH U PUFTPPCHB UMSHVB.

OBRPMEPO DPMTSEO VSHM RTEDCHYDEFSH, YuFP PDOBTSDSCH ABOUT EZP RHFY NPZHF CHUFTEFYFSHUS FBLYE FTHDOPUFY, Y PO VSHHM LOYN ZPFPCH. rTYLBYBCH UCHPYN MADSN UFPSFSH UNYTOP, RPCHETOHCH CHYOFPCHLY RTYLMBDBNY CHCHETI, BY URPLKOP CHCHYEM CHREDED L CHPKULKH YI ZTEOPVMS, PZHYGETSH LPFPTPZP HCE PFDBCHBMY RTYLB UFTE MSFS, UFTBDBS PF UCHPEK OEMPSSMSHOPUFY. “UPMDBFSH RSFPZP! RTPLTYUBM ON. WHAT KHOBÈFE NEOS?” EH PFCHEFYMY UPFOY ZPMPUPC, Y, TBURBIOHCH YYOEMSH, PO RTEDMPTSYM YN BUFTEMYFSH UCPEZP YNRETBFPTB, EUMY POY UNPZHF. PO YEM LOYN OBCHUFTEYUKH U KHCHETOOOPK KHMSHCHVLPK, UPMDBFSH PRKHUFYMY UCHPY NKHYLEFSHY TBTBYMYUSH CHPZMBUBNY “Vive l"EmperEur!” (dB ЪДТБЧУФЧХEF YNRETBFPT! ZhT.). X UChPK NEY Y RPUME THLPRPTSBFYS U obrpmepopn Vschm UCHPVPDEO.chULPTE RPUME bFPZP RPMLPCHOIL mBVEDPKET (mBVEDHBKET), LPFPTPNH CHCHCHYEPRYUBOOOSCH UPVCHFYS CHULTHTTSYMY ZPMPCHH, KHULBLBM YI ZPTPDB PE ZMBCHE CHVKHDPTBTSEOOPZP LBCHBMETYKULPZP RPMLB, LPFPTSCHK VSHM RETECHEDEO RPD LPNBODPCHBOYE obrpmepob. rPUME LFZP zTEOPVMSH PLB ЪБМУС CHUEGEMP CH EZP THLBI, B TPSMYUFSH UREYOP RPLYDBMY FETTYFPTYA.PO RETEUFBM VSCHFSH RTPUFSHCHN NSFETSoilLPN Y UOPCHB RPYUKHCHUFChPCHBM EUVS LPTPMEN .

OBRPMEPO ЪBOSM ZPTPD CHUETPN 7 NBTFB, CH FPF UBNSCHK DEOSH, LPZDB NEFFETOYI UPCHEEBMUS U NPOBTIBNYY RPMOPNPYuOSCHNYY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNYY LPZDB NEOEE YUEN ЪB YuBU VSHCHMB OBYUBFB ChPK OB. ъB OEDEMA PO PDPMEM DCHE UPFOY NYMSH, Y CHUE VEЪ EDYOPZP CHSHCHUFTEMB. zTBTSDBOE ZTEOPVMS RTYOSMY EZP YKHNOP Y TBDPUFOP, CH FH OPYUSH PO KHUFTPYM CH UCHPEN PFEME RTYEN, ZDE RTPYOPUYM TEYUY CH YUEUFSH PZHYGETPCH BTNYY, NTB Y NHOYGIRBMSHOSHI CHMBUFEK , CHTENS PF CHTENEY RPLBYSCHBSUSH YUETE PLOP RTYCHEFUFCHBCHYEK EZP FPMRE.

BY RPTPOILOPCHOOOP Y UDETTSBOOP ZPCHPTYM P RTYYUYOBI, RPVHDYCHYI EZP CHETOHFSHUS, Y RMBOBI ABOUT VKHDHEEE. ON ZPCHPTYM, YuFP KH OEZP VSCHMP DEUSFSH NEUSGECH DMS FPZP, YuFPVSH PVUFPSFEMSHOP RPTBNSHUMYFSH P RTPYMPN YYCHMEYUSH YOZP KHTPLY. YLCHBM LTYFYLY, PVTHYYCHYKUS ABOUT OEZP, CHCHUE OE CHSHCHBM CH OEN TBBDTB-TSEOYS, OP VSHM RPMEYEO, FERTSH PO SUOP CHYDEM, YuFP OEPVIPDYNP ZhTBOGYY, Y RTYMPTSYF CHUE KHYMYS, YuFP VSC bfpzp dpvjfshus. NYT Y UCHPVPDB SCHMSAFUS UEKYUBU OBUFPSFEMSHOPK OEPVIPDYNPUFSHHA, Y EZP DEKUFCHYS VHDHF GEMYLPN Y RPMOPUFSHHA THLPCHPDUFCHBFSHUS LFK OEPVIPDYNPUFSH. BY OBNETEO UPVMADBFSH rBTYTSULYK DPZPCHPT LBL PUOPCHH UCHPEK RPMYFYLY. PO, CHOE CHUSLPZP UPNOEOYS, VKhDEF RPDDETTSYCHBFSH NYT, PO HCE YJCHEUFYM P UCHPYI CHZMSDBI Y OBNETEOYSI UCHPEZP FEUFS, YNRETBFPTB ZhTBOGB, Y YNEEF PUOPCHBOYS ODESFSHUS, YuFP R PMHYUIF RPDDETTSLH bCHUFTYY. according to ZPFPCH VSHCHM CHSHCHUMBFS RPUMEDHAEYE DEREYY CH CHEOKH YUETE FHTYO Y TBUUYUYFSHCHBM, YUFP CH VMYTSBKYEN VKHDHEEN PE ZhTBOGYA RTYVKHDHF EZP TSEOB Y USCHO.

h PFOPEYOOY UCHPEK CHOKHFTEOOEK RPMYFYLY OBRPMEPO ЪBDEM UBNSHCHE BLFHBMSHOSHE RTPVMENSH FPZP READING. rPUME CHPTBEEOYS ABOUT FTPO MADPCHYLB XVIII LTEUFSHSSOE PRBUBMYUSH MYYYFSHUS RTEINHEEUFCH, LPPTTSCHE YN RTYOEUMB TECHPMAGYS, CH PUPVEOOPUFY FE YI OYI, LFP RTYPVTEM ENMA, L POZHYULLPCHBOOKHA X BTYUFPLTBFPCH. yI VPSЪOSH ЪB UCHPA UPVUFCHOOPUFSH OE YNEMB RPD UPVPK PUOPCHBOYK, OP CHRPMOE EUFEUFCHEOOP, YuFP KH OYI RPSCHYMYUSH NTBYUOSCH RTEDYUKHCHUFCHYS ABOUT LFPF RTEDNEF, RPULPMSHLH PZTBVMEO OBS OBFSH CHPCHTBEBMBUSH YYZOBOYS Y OYUFP OE NEYBMP EK PZMBUYFSH UCHPY TsBMPVSH. bTNYS FBLCE YNEMB RTYUYOSCH VSHFSH OEDPCHPMSHOPK, RPULPMSHLH RPUME KHUFBOPCHMEOYS NYTB OEDPUFBFPL UTEDUFCH ЪBUFBCHYM RTPY_CHEUFY OBYUYFEMSHOSH UPLTBEEOYS CH BTNYYY ABOUT ZhMP FE. VPMEE FPZP, MADPCHYL OECHMAVYM OBNEOYFHA YNRETBFPTULHA ZCHBTDYA OBRPMEPOB Y HYUTEDYM PITBOKH YY 6000 OPVYMEK Y DTKHZYI DCHPTSO, VPMSHYOUFChP YY LPFPTSCHI DP LFPZP DCHBDGBFSH MEF TSYMY ЪB ZТBOYGEK. UTEDY LFYI MADEK VSHHMY FBLYE UPMDBFSH, LBL ZEOETBM D "bTVM, TSEOYCHYKUS ABOUT ZHBOY VJTOY CH VSCHFOPUFSH UCPA YZOBOOILPN CH BOZMYYY VEJ ZTPYB CH LBTNBOE. dPMTSOPUFSH CH LPTPMECH ULPC BTNYY DBCHBMB NUSHE D "bTVM OELPFPTSCHK UFBFKHU Y CHPNPTsOPUFSH TSYFSH UP ULTPNOSHCHN DPUFBFLPN CH rBTYTSE U FBLCE OE PUEOSH UPUFPSFEMSHOPK TSEOPK. OP CH PVOEBCHYEK UFTBOE MADPCHYL OE Refinery RPNPYUSH UCHPYN "VEDOSCHN emigres (LNYZTBOFBN ZhT.)", LBL ON YI OBSCHCHBM, YOBYUE, LBL ЪBVTPUYCH ZBCHPTYFPCH RTEDSHDHEEZP TETSINB. uMKHYUMPUSH FBL, UFP NOPZYE UPMDBFSH VSHCHMY KHCHPMEOSH YMY RETECHEDEOSH ABOUT RPMPCHYOOPE TsBMPCHBOSH. vPMEE FPZP, LBOB OE CHUEZDB NPZMB PVEUREYUYFSH ЪBUMHTSEOOSCHI CHPEOOSCHI DBCE RPMPCHYOOOSCHN TsBMPCHBOSHEN, FBL YFP NOPZYE Ъ OYI TSIMY CH OHTSDE. oBLPOEG, DHIPCHEOUFChP, RTPRPCHEDHS CHPCHTBEEOYE L RTETSOEENH VEURTELPUMPCHOPNH RPCHYOPCHEOYA GETLCHI Y lPTPOE, CHSCCHBMP OEDDPCHPMSHUFChP NOPZYI, LFP UBTBYMUS PE CHTENS TECHPMA GYY MYVETBMSHOSHNY YDESNY.

h zTEOPVME oBRPMEPO KHVETSDBM RHVMYLKH FPN, UFP PO RTYYYEM ЪBEIFYFSH YOFETEUSCH LTEUFSHSO, URBUFY BTNYA PF KHOYTSEOYS, ZBTBOFYTPCHBFSH UPITBOOYE CHUEZP FPZP, UFP DBMB MADSN TECHPMAGYS. vHTVPOSH OE URPUPVOSCH HRTBCHMSFSH ZHTBOGYEK; TECHPMAGYS YЪNEOYMB UFTBOKH, Y EE ​​OPCHSHCHE YOFETEUSCH NPTSEF RPOSFSH Y ЪBEIFYFSH FPMSHLP UPCHTENEOOOSCHK RBTMBNEOF, UPЪDBOOSHCHK ABOUT ZHKHODBNEOF OPCHSHHI YDEK. yNEOOP FBLYN PVTBBPN VSHMB PUOPCHBOB EZP DIOBUFYS. FERETSH ON CHETOHMUS, YuFPVSH RPDZPFPCHYFSH RPYUCHH DMS RTBCHMEOYS UCHPEZP USCHOB. EZP USCHO UFBOEF PMYGEFCHPTEOYEN OPChPK zhTBOGYY, Y BY IPUEF RPDZPFPCHYFSH EZP GBTUFChPCHBOYE. according to ULBBM, YuFP, DBCE EUMY VSH PO OE CHETOHMUS, VHTVPOSH RPUFEREOOP PLBBBMYUSH VSH RPZTEOOOSCHNY RPD ZTHDPK RTPVMEN, LPFPTSCHE SING OE NPZMY OE URTPCHPGYTPCHBFSH, CH FP CHTENS LBL PO, OBRTPFYCH, KHVETEZ VSH UFTBOKH PF VKHDHEYI OEKHTSDYG, ЪBEYEBS OPCHSHE YOFETEUSCH Y DHI UCHPVPDSH. BY RTEDRPMBZBEF CH VMYTSBKYEN VKHDHEEN RETEUNPFTEFSH LPOUFYFHGYA YNRETYY U GEMSHA UPJDBOYS RPDMYOOOPK RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOPK NPOBTIYY, EDYOUFCHEOOPK ZhPTNSCH RTBCHMEOYS, DPUFPKOPK FB LPK RTPUCHEEOOOPK UFTBOSHCH, LBL ZhTBOGYS.

BY ZPCHPTYM RTPUFP Y U DPUFPYOUFCHPN, RTPUYM RTPPEEOYS ЪB PYYVLY MADPCHYLB XVIII CHPDETSYCHBMUS PF LTYFYYYUCHPEZP UPVUFCHEOOPZP RTPYMPZP. BY YULHUOP PVYAEDYOM RTBCHB UCHPEK DYOBUFYY U RTBCHBNY OBGYY ZPCHPTYM ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN P UCHPEN USHCHOE, RPDYUETLYCHBS, YuFP EDYOUFCHEOOSCHN TSEMBOYEN, ЪBUFBCHYCHYN EZP CHOP CHSH UFKHRYFSH ABOUT ZHTBOGKHULYK VETEZ, VSHMP CHP'MPTSYFSH ABOUT ZPMPCHH TEVEOLB LPTPOKH NYTOPK, UCHPVPDOPK Y RTPGCHEFBAEEK UFTBOSHCH.

oEF RTYUYO UPNOECHBFSHUS CH EZP YULTEOOPUFY CH FPF NNEOF, TBCHOP LBL Y CH RTEDNEFE EZP CHDPIOPCHOOOSCHI TBBDKHNYK ABOUT UMSHVE. ENH KHDBMPUSH RTPY'CHEUFY ABOUT UMHYBFEMEK ZMKHVPLPE Y VMBZPRTYSFOPE CHREYUBFMEOYE, YuFP VSHMP CHRPMOYE EUFEUFCHEOOP, RPULPMSHLH EUMY VSC CHUE ULBBOOPE YN VSHMP RTBCHDPK, OE VSHMP V SH RTBCHYFEMS NKhDTEE Y MKHYYE. pDOBLP, LBL VSH YULTEOOOE ZPCHPTYM PO P UCHPYI GEMSI Y OBENETEOYSI, ЪB OINYOE UFPSMP OYLBLPK TEBMSHOPK RETURELFYCHSHCH. h NNPNEOF CHPPDHYECHMEOYS Y RPDYAENB UYM, RPUME IPTPYEZP PVEDB, h PLTHTSEOY FBLYI RSHMLYI OPChPPVTBEOOOSCHI PFUFKHROYLPCH, LBL mBVEDPKET, BY ZPCHPTYM U RPYYGY UBNSHHI MKHYYI RTEDU FBCHMEOYK P UEVE Y UCHPEN DPMZE. OP LFP RTEDUFBCHMEOYE VSHMP MYYSH RMPDPN EZP CHYUOP NEOSCHYEZPUS OBUFTPEOYS, Y DMS UCHPEZP CHPRMPEEOYS POP RPFTEVPCHBMP VSH NBUUKH EDYOPNSCHYMEOOYLPCH, B FBLCE UPITBOOYS EZP FERETEYOEZP P VTBBB NSCHUMEK.

ABOUT UMEDHAEIK DEOSH OBRPMEPO DBM UNPFT 7000 UPMDBF CHPKULB, UPVTBOOPZP CH ZTEOPVME. OBBLOHOE SING DPUFBMY OCHSHCHVTPEOOOSHE LPZDB-FP FTEIGCHEFOSHE LPLBTDSCH Y FERETSH OPUYMY YI CHNEUFP VEMSHI LNVME VHTVPOPC. chPMOSCH CHPUFPTZB Y BOFKHYBBNB RTPLBFSHCHBMYUSH RP YI TSDBN, Y RTYCHEFUFCHEOOSCH CHPZMBUSCH UPFTSUBMY OEVP. sing VSHCHMY TBDSCH OENEDMEOOOP PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH MYPO CHREDEDY UCHPEZP yNRETBFPTB, LPFPTSCHK RPTSE RTYUPEDYOYFUS LOYN, YUFPVSH CHPZMBCHYFSH YI CHPUYEUFCHYE CH ZPTPD. rPUME bFPZP SING RPKDHF ABOUT rBTYTS. sing VHDHF UTBTSBFSHUS UP CHUENY, LFP VKhDEF YN RTPFYCHPUFPPSFSH, OP CHETPSFOEE CHUEZP, YuFP YI BOFKHJYBN RPCHMYSEF ABOUT DTHZYE CHUFTEYOOOSCHE CHPKULB, Y OBRPMEPOB VHDHF TBDPUF OP RTYCHEFUFCHPCHBFSH CHEDE, HERE ON FPMSHLP RPSCHYFUS.

uPVTBOOSH OBRPMEPOPN OB FPF NPNEOF UYMSCH VSHCHMY CH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY OEOBYUYFEMSHOSH RP UTBCHOOYA U GEMPK BTNYEK, CHSHCHUFBCHMEOOOPK RTPFYCH OEZP RBTMBNEOFPN; OP KH OEZP VSHMP RTEDYUKHCHUFCHYE KHUREYB. according to DKHNBM, YuFP CHUE UMPTSYFUS RP EZP CHPME, BTNYS GEMYLPN RETEKDEF ABOUT EZP UFPTPOH, VHTVPOSH VHDHF YIZOBOSCH CHNEUFE U MYYOINY emigres, Y FFP DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP NPZMP UMHYYFSHUS, RPD PVOP FPNH, LBL LFP HCE RTPYUIPDYMP U OIN TBOEE.

rPUME RTPCHPDPCH UCHPYI UPMDBF YY ZTEOPVMS ON CHETOHMUS CH ZPUFYOYGKH Y OBRYUBM UCHPEK TSEOE nBTYY MKHYYE, LPFPTBBS OBIPYMBUSH CH CHOE U YI USCHOPN, AOSCHN LPTPMAN TYNB . PO TBUULBBM EK P UCHPEN KHDBUOPN CHUFKHRMEOYY CH ZTEOPVMSH, KHCHETSS, YuFP EZP VHDHF FBL TSE RTYCHEFUFCHPCHBFSH CH RBTYTSE, Y KHVETSDBM EE CHETOKHFSHUS FHDB U USCHOPN Y KHCHETYFSH UCHPEZ P PFGB, YNRETBFPTB zhTBOGB, CH YULTEOOPUFY EZP TSEMBOYK NYTB Y IPTPYI PFOPEOYK. lHTSHET DENPOUFTBFYCHOP CHCHEIBM U RYUSHNPN RP DPTPZE ABOUT NPO-UEOY, LPOFBLFSCH U BCHUFTYKULIN DCHPTPN CHSHZMSDEMY KHUFBOPCHMEOOOSCHNY.

ABOUT UMEDHAEIK DEOSH OBRPMEPO PFVSHCHM CH UPRTPCHPTSDEOOY UCHPEK UCHYFSCH, VSHCHYEK RTY OEN EEE PF UBNPK UMSHVSHCH, YUFPVSH DPZOBFSH CHPKULB ABOUT RHFY CH MYPO.

l LFPNH CHTENEY CHUENKH OBUEMEOYA zhTBOGYY HCE YJCHEUFOB VSHMB CHBTSOBS OPCHPUFSH, LPFPTHA UFBMP OECHPNPTSOP DPMEE ULTSHCHBFSH. tPSMYUFSHCH, EUFEUFCHEOOP, VSHCHMY CH STPUFY, B VPOBRBTTFYUFSHCH CH CHPUFPTZE. y'CHEUFYE RPTBDPCHBMP LTEUFSHSO Y TBVPYYI CH VPMSHYYI ZPTPDBI, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN FAIRIES, ZDE ZPURPDUFCHPCHBMY TPSMYUFULYE UINRBFYY. h BTNEKULYI TSDBI OBVMADBMUS VKHTOSHK YOFETEU Y CHUE RTYOBLY FPZP, YuFP DYUGYRMYOB EDCHB DETSYFUS. fPTZPCHGSH Y UTEDOYK LMBUU VSHCHMY, PDOBLP, PVEURPLPEOSCHOE NOSHOYE TPSMYUFPCH. iPFS VPMSHYOUFChP YI OYI OEDPMAVMYCHBMP vHTVPOPCH, SING ULPTEE RTEDRPYUMY VSC YI TETSINKH, URPUPVOPNH CHCHETZOKHFSH UFTBOKH CH VEULPOYUOSCH CHPKOSHCH. VHTVPOSH CHPMEK-OECHPMEK RTBCHYMY RP LPOUFYFHGYY, Y OBYVPMEE TBKHNOSHCHE YUMEOSH PVEEUFCHB OBDESMYUSH UP CHTENEOEN PVTBPCHBFSH CH RBMBFE DERKHFBFPCH LTEROHEKHA PRRPYGYA LPTP MA Y FBLYN PVTBBPN RPUFEREOOP UPЪDBFSH RPDMYOOP DENPLTBFYUEULYK Y UPCHTENEOOOSCHK RBTMBNEOF. rPDPVOSCHK RKhFSH CHSHCHIPDB UFTBOSH YY LTYYUB VSHM VSH MHYUYE, OETSEMY CHPCHTBF L CHMBUFY YNRETBFPTB, LPFPTPZP OE CHSHCHOPUYMP OH PDOP YOPUFTBOOPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP.

rPOBYUBMKH NOPZYE DKHNBMY, UFP oBRPMEPO VKhDEF CHULPTE KHVYF YMY UICHBUEO. 7 NBTFB VSHMB CHSHCHRHEEOOB RTPLMBNBGYS, ЪBRTEEBABES LPNH-MYVP YЪ ZHTBOGKHIPCH RTYUPEDYOSFSHUS L OENH YMY PLBYSCHBFSH ENKH RPNPESH Y RTYYSHCHBAEBS FEEI, YUSHY TBKPO SHCH BY RETEUEUEEF, UICHBFYFSH EZP CYCHSHCHN YMY NETFCHCHN. h UMKHYUBE ЪBICHBFB TSICHSHCHN EZP DPMTSOSCH VSHMY DPUFBCHYFSH CHPEOOSHCHN KHRPMOPNPYUEOOSHCHN, LPFPTSHCHE PUKHDSF EZP LBL RTEUFKhROILB ЪB CHPEOOPE CHFPTTSEOYE PE ZhTBOGYA Y OENEDMEOOOP L BIOSF. OP, LPZDB UFBMP YJCHEUFOP, YuFP ChPKULB Ch zTEOPVME RETEYMY ABOUT EZP UFPTPOH, RPSCHYMYUSH PRBUEOYS, YuFP RPDBCHYFSH LFPF NSFETS VKhDEF OEMEZLP.

lPTPMSH Y EZP NYOYUFTSH OBMY, YUFP KH OYI VSHCHMY RTYUYOSCH PRBUBFSHUS OEDPCHPMSHUFCHB CHPEOOSCHI, LPFPTSCHE NOPZP MEF UMHTSYMY OBRPMEPOH. pDOBLP SING NPZMY RPMPTSYFSHUS ABOUT NBTYBMPCH. OBRPMEPOB UNEUFYMP U FTPOB CHPUUFBOIE EZP NBTYBMPCH, RPFPNH POY CHTSD MY IPFEMY EZP CHPCHTBEEOYS. nBLDPOBMSHD, RTECHPUIPDOSHK UPMDBF, URPTPChPTsDBM LPTPMECHULHA UENSHA CH MYPO. oEK ​​VSCHM CH RBTYCE, ABOUT RHFY YUCHPEZP ЪBZPTPDOPZP DPNB CH WEBOUPOE, ZDE OBIPDIYMUS ZBTOYЪPO RPDYUYOOOPZP ENKH 6-ZP CHPEOOOPZP PLTHZB. x oES VSHMB MEZEODBTOBS TERHFBGYS. eUMY LFP Y Refinery CHOKHYYFSH RTEDBOOPUFSH TSDPCHPNH UPMDBFH, FBL LFP PO, RPULPMSHLH NOPTSEUFChP TB DPLBYSHCHBM URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH UCHPEZP OEZMBUOPZP FYFHMB “ITBVTEKYEZP Y” Kommersant ITBVTSHCHI VSHHM CH BTNYY CHUEPVEYN LHNYTPN .

rPMHYUYCH OBYUEOYE CH WEBOUPO, oek TEYM UOBYUBMB RPUMBFSH ЪB NBTYBMPN uKHMSHFPN, LPFPTSHCHK Y RTYVSHCHM CH UFPMYGH 7 NBTFB. fBN ON CHRETCHSCHE KHOOBM P CHSHUBDL OBRPMEPOB ABOUT ZHTBOGKHULPE RPVETETSSHE. PO OE ULTSHCHBM UCHPEZP YYKHNMEOYS Y VSHM FBL CHJVEYEO Y CHUFTECHPTSEO, YuFP LPTPMSH KHURPLPYMUS.

tPSMYUFSH IPTPYP RPNOYMY UPVShchFYS ZPDYUOPK DBCHOPUFY RBDEOYE obrpmepob. oEUNPFTS ABOUT PLHLHRBGYA rBTYTSB RPVEDPOPUOSCHNY UPAJOILBNY, obrPMEPO DP RPUMEDOEZP RTDPDPMTSBM VSC CHPKOKH, EUMY VSH O KHYMEOOPE RTPFYCHPVPTUFChP NBTYBMPCH. nBTYBM nBTNPO TEYM YUIPD DEMB, RETECHEDS ABOUT UFPTPOH CHTBZB GEMSHK BTNEKULYK LPTRKHU, RPUME YuEZP obRPMEPO CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM RTYOBFSH UEVS RPVETSDEOOOSCHN. RETEZPCHPTSH OBRPMEPOB Y UPAYOILBNY CH RBTYCE CHEMY NBTYBMSCH nBLDPOBMSHD Y OEK, B FBLCE NYOYUFT lPMEOLHT, Y, CH FP CHTENS LBL nBLDPOBMSHD Y lPMEOLHT DETSBMY EUVS ULTPNOP Y U DPU FPYOUFCHPN, oEK PYUEOSH CHPMSHOP LTYFYLPCHBM oBRPMEPOB.

oEK ​​VSHM YUEMPCHELPN CYCHSHCHN, TBZPCHPTYUCHSCHN Y YINEM RTYCHSHCHYULH CHEUFY EUVS OUEULPMSHLP CHPVKHTSDEOOOP. NYOHFOSH UPPVTBTSEOYS, LPFPTSCHE DTHZIE DETSBMY RTY UEVE, BY CHSHCHULBSCHBM CHUMKHI, FBL UFP CHUE CHUEZDB OBMY EZP NOOOYE Y PFOPUYMYUSH L OENKH UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP. OECHYTBS ABOUT RTYUHFUFCHYE GBTS bMELUBODTTB, PO TBZMBZPMSHUFCHPCHBM PV PRBUOPUFY NYMYFBTYYNB OBRPMEPOB, OBUFBYCHBS, YuFP EZP OEPVIPDYNP ЪBUFBCHYFSH PFTEYUSHUS. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY, LPZDB OBRPMEPO VSHCHM CHSCHOKHTSDEO RPDRYUBFSH BLF PV PFTEYUEOYY, oEK ICHBMYMUS RETED TPSMYUFBNY UCHPEK TPMSHA CH OBUFBCHMEOYY EZP ABOUT LFPF RHFSH. h TEЪKHMSHFBFE PVEEUFCHEOOPE NOOOYE UPYUM EZP YuEMPCHELPN OEDPUFBFPYUOP VMBZPDBTOSCHN Y RTEDBOOSCHN RTBCHYFEMA, LPFPTSCHK EEDTPK THLPK PFNETSM ENKH VPZBFUFCHB Y RPYUEUFY.

OBRPMEPOKH VSHMP IPTPYP YJCHEUFOP P EZP RPCHEDEOYY, Y EUMY VSC ON UOPCHB CHSHCHYZTBM VYFCHH ЪB CHMBUFSH, oES TsDBMB VSH OENYMPUFSH.

CHCHCHBOOSCHK L LPTPMA, oEK VSHM PUEOSH BNPGYPOBMEO CH CHSTBTTSEOY CHETOPUFY BCHZKHUFEKYN RTYOGIRBN Y CH OBBRBMSHYUYCHPUFY CHPULMYLOKHM, YuFP RTYCHEEF OBRPMEPOB CH RBTYTS CH TSEMOPK L MEFLE ZHTBЪB, LPFPTHA CH UFPMYGE CHULPTE RETEDBCHBMY YJ KHUF CH KHUFB. UMPCHB OE RTYYMYUSH RP CHLKHUH MADPCHYLH, LPFPTSCHK RPUME KHIPDB UCHPEZP NBTYBMB ЪBNEFYM, YuFP ENKH OE OHTSOB CH RPDBTPL FBLBS RFYGB. FEN OE NEOEE RMBNEOOPE TCHEOYE oES RPDVPDTYMP RTDCHPTOSCHE LTHZY Y RTYDBMP KHCHETEOOPUFY, YuFP PFOSHCHOE CHUE VHDEF IPTPYP.

NYYEMSH oEK TPDIYMUS CH 1769 ZPDH, ABOUT FPF NNEOF ENKH VSHMP UPTPL YEUFSH MEF, BY VSHHM TPCHEUOILPN obrpmepob y ZETGPZB chemmyozfpob. USCHO FPTZPCHGB, BY OBYUBM UCHPA TSYOSH UELTEFBTEN RPCHETEOOPZP. lPOFPTULBS TSYOSH ENKH OE RPOTBCHYMBUSH, Y CH DECHSFOBDGBFSH MEF PO KHYEM CH BTNYA TSDPCHSHCHN.

EZP LBTSHETB VSHMB OECHETPSFOP KHURYOB, Y ON RPMOPC NET OBUMBTSDBMUS RPYULBNY RTYLMAYUEOYK CH TECHPMAGYOOSCHI CHPKOBI Y RPUFEREOOSCHN TPUFPN H YCHBOYY. lFP VShchM CHSHCHUPLYK BFMEFYUEULY UMPTSEOOSCHK YUEMPCHEL U FENOP-TSCHTSYY CHPMPUUBNYY STLP-ZPMHVSHCHNY ZMBEBNY. oEUNPFTS ABOUT READING RSHMLYK OTBC, LFP VShchM RP UHFY YUEMPCHEL DPVTSHCHK Y PVEYFEMSHOSHCHK. chLHU EZP VSHM OERTYFSBFEMEO, UBN PO YUEUFEO Y VEUIYFTPUFEO, B EZP VMEUFSEYE TBFOSH FBMBOFSH UPUEFBMYUSH U KHDBYUMYCHPUFSHHA Y VEUUFTBYEN. l FTYDGBFY ZPDBN PO HTS VSHHM DYCHYYPOOSCHN ZEOETBMPN Y RTYCHMEL L UEVE CHOYNBOYE obrpmepob RPUME LBNrboyy zPZEOMYODEOB (IPOMYODEOB), WHERE IPTPYP UEVS RTPSCHYM . ch 1801 ZPDH oBRPMEPO, VKHDHYU HCE RETCHSHCHN lPOUKHMPN, OBYUM EZP ZEOETBM-YOURELFPTPN LBCBMETYY, B tsPYEZHJOB KHUFTPYMB EZP UCHBDSHVH U RPDTHZPK UCHPEK DPYUETY zPTFEO YAY. OBRPMEPO CHSHCHDEMYM ENKH PZTPNOPE TsBMPCHBOSHE Y PDYO ЪB DTKHZYN DBTPCHBM FYFKHMSH ZETGPZB yMSHIYOZEOULPZP Y LOS NPULPCHULPZP . rPUME RTPCHPZMBYEOYS YNRETY OES UDEMBMY NBTYBMPN Y CHULPTE RPUME LFPZP PVMBYUMY CH OBLY PFMYYUYS CHCHUYEZP PZHYGETB rPYUEFOPZP MEZYPOB.

pDOBLP VSHCHUFTPE RTPDCHYTSEOYE RP UMHTSVE OE PVPYMPUSH VE OEVMBZPRTYSFOSHI YYNEOOYK CH EZP IBTBLFETE. Yuen VPMEE PRSCHFOSHCHN CHCHUPLPPRPUFBCHMEOOSHCHN CHPEOOSHCHN UFBOPCHYMUS oek, FEN FTHDOEE U OIN VSCHMP TBVPFBFSH, Y PE CHTENS CHPKOSHCH CH YURBOYY ON KHTSBUP UUPTYMUS U NBUUEOB Y UHMSHFPN, VShchM ULMPOEO L PVIDUYCHPUFY Y RPDPYFEMSHOPUFY.

PE CHTENS TKHULPK LBNRBOYY ON RTECHPYE UBNPZP UEVS CH ITBVTPUFY, Y EUMY VSC obRPMEPO RTYUMKHYBMUS L EZP RTEDPUFETETSEOYSN, TPLPCHPZP PFUFHRMEOYS NPTsOP VSCHMP VSC YJVETSBFSH. oEK ​​KHVETSDBM oBRPMEPOB OE RTPDCHYZBFSHUS DBMELP CH ZMHVSH TPUUYY CHCHYDH UHTPCHPUFY JINOEK RPZPDSH, OP obRPMEPO KHRTSNP YYEM UCHPEK DPTPZPK CH RTYCHSHYUOPN KHVETSDEOYY, YuFP PVUFPSPFEMSHUFCHB U MPTSBFUS CH EZP RPMSHЪХ. BY RPCHEM UChPYI OEYUBUFOSCHI UPMDBF ABOUT NPULCH Y FSOKHM FBN CHTENS, OEDEMA ЪB OEDEMEK, RPLB CHOEBROPE OE RTYYMB JINB Y EZP CHSCHOKHTSDEOOBS PFUFHRYFSH BTNYS OE VSHMB ЪBICHBUE ABOUT CH RMEO MSHDPN Y UOEZPN.

PE CHTENS PFUFKHRMEOYS Y NPULCHSHCH OEK LPNBODPCHBM BTSHETZBTDPN Y PFMYYUMUS UFPKLPUFSHA Y URPUPVOPUFSH CHUEMSFSH CH DTHZYI NHTSEUFChP. ChSHCHOKHTSDEOOSH RPUFPSOOP CHUFTEYUBFSHUS U OERTYSFEMEN, YUFPVSH PUOPCHOBS YUBUFSH BTNYY NPZMB PFUFKHRBFSH VEJ RPNEI, BY Y EZP RPDYUYOOOSCH YNEMY NBMP YBOUPCH CHSHCHTSYFSH. DEOSH ЪB DOEN, UFTBDBS PF ZPMPDB Y IMPPDB, PLTHTSEOOSCH OERTYSFEMEN, POY U FTKHDPN YMY RP MEDOSCHN TBCHIOOBN, OE YNES U UPVPK OYLBLPK EDSH, LTPNE UCHPYI RPZYYI MPYBDEK. zPMPDBAEYE, PVNPPTTSEOOSCH MADI, LPFPTSCHI UFBOPCHYMPUSH CHUE NEOSHIE, UTBTSBMYUSH OEDEMS EB OEDEMEK, RETETSYDBS UOETSOSCHE VHTY Y NPTPЪOSCHE OPYUY. DMS LBTSDPZP, YUSHE NHTSEUFChP KHZBUBMP, oEK OBIPDM UMPCHB HFEYEOYS Y RPDDETS-LY, LBBBMPUSH, YuFP EZP UYMSCH OEYUYUETRBENSCH YYNEOOOP POY RPNPZBAF ENKH RTPIPDIFSH YUETE LFPF LPNB T OECHTEDYNSCHN, OE ЪBVPFSUSH P UEVE, OP MYYSH P RPNPEY UCHPYN URKHFOILBN. rTYNETOP YUETE FTY NEUSGB RPUME OBYUBMB PFUFKHRMEOYS ON RTYCHEM CHSCCHYI CH RTHUUYA. OILFP OE Refinery KHOBFSH CH YUFPEEOOPN, PVPTCBOOPN Yuempchele U OBMYFSHNY LTPCHSHA ZMBBIBNY EZPMS NBTYBMB OES, OP, LBL VPECHPK REFHI ilyLFEFB, DBTSE RPVETSDEOOSHCHK, ON FPTCEU FChHRBM.

fY UPVSHFYS PYUEOSH RPCHMYSMY ABOUT OESP. y AOSHI MEF ON RSCHMLP CHETYM CH URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH VYFCH, LPFPTCHCH, OP FERETSH ON UFBM UPNOECHBFSHUS Y RPDPTECHBFSH, YuFP obRPMEPO CHYOPCHBF CH RPDDETTSBOY OERTETSCHOSHI CHPKO CH ECHTPR. ENH OE DBMY PFDPIOKHFSH, PO UMHTSYM obRPMEPOKH CH LBNRBOYY 1813 ZPDB, B ЪBFEN CH UTBTSEOYSI PE ZhTBOGYY. BY NOPZPE UDEMBM DMS RPVED CH VBHGEOE, MAFGEOE Y DTEDEOE, ZETPYUEULY UTBTSBMUS Y VSHM TBOEO CH UFTBYOPK VYFCHE RPD MEKRGYZPN. rPRTBCHYYUSH L SOCHBTA 1814-ZP, BY UOPCHB CHETOKHMUS CH BTNYA. iPFS ЪЧеЪДБ оБРПМЭПОБЧ FP CHTENS HCE OBYUBMB ЪBLBFSCHBFSHUS, PO U TsBTPN RMBOYTPCHBM DMYFEMSHOKHA UETYA UTBTSEOYK CH HCHETEOOPUFY, YuFP HDBYUB CHOPCHSH ENKH KHMSHCHVOEFUS. oEK ​​PTSEUFPYUEOOP CHPECHBM ABOUT EZP UFPTPOE CH vTYOOOE, MB-tPFSHETE, fTHB, yBNRPVETE, yBFP-fSHETTY, nPONYTBKME, chPYBOYE, lTBPOOE, mBPOE Y bTUY-UAT-pV. ъBFEN rBTYTS RBM, GBTSH bMELUBODT Y LPTPMSH rTHUUYY PLBBBMYUSH CH UFPMYGE, Y oEK CHNEUFE U DTKHZYNYY NBTYBMBNY RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBM, YuFP OBUFBMP CHTENS LBRYFKHMYTPCHBFSH. OBRPMEPO FTEVPCHBM RPUMEDOEK VYFCHSHCH, OP ZHTBOGKHULYE NBTYBMSH PFLBBBMYUSH CH OEK KHYUBUFCHPCHBFSH. h LPOGE LPOGPCH oEK RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBM TBBPYUBTPCHBOIE. BY VSHHM YF FEE, LFP MAVYF VPTPFSHUS Y FTBFYF YJMYYEL OOETZYY ABOUT RPYUL PRBUOPUFEK Y RTYLMAYUEOYK. CHUMED ЪB ЪFYN PVSHYUOP OBUFKHRBEF RTEUSCHEEOOYE (FPMSHLP OE KH obRPMEPOB). oEK ​​DPUFYZ LFK UFHREOY CHEUOPK 1814 ZPDB Y VSHM VMBZPDBTEO UHDSHVE ЪB PFRTBCHLH obrpmepob Ch YЪZOBOYE ЪB FP, YuFP ZhTBOGKH-ULYN RTEUFPMPN ЪBCHMBDEMB NEOEE BLFYCHOBS MYOOPUFSH. ABOUT FPF NNEOF OEK CHCHEIBM CH WEBOUPO, YUFPVSH CHPUUPEDYOYFSHUS UP UCHPYNY CHPKULBNY, Y CHUEPVEBS CHETB CH EZP TBFOSH FBMBOFSH VSHMB OBUFPMSHLP CHEMYLB, YFP TPSMYUFSH CHPURTSMY DHIPN . ZhBOOY VЈTOY RPMKHYUMB VPDTPE RYUSHNP PF UCHPEZP NHCB, LPFPTSCHK LBL YUMEO LPTPMECHULPK PITBOSH OE Refinery RPLYOKHFSH DCHPTEG FAIMSHTY CH UFPMSH OEURPLKOPE CHTENS. “rTYIPDSF IPTPYE OPCHPUFY, RYUBM ZEOETBM D"bTVM, OE UFBOKH CHDBCHBFSHUS CH DEFBMY, OP RKHUFSH FChPS DHYB VHDEF URPLPCOB.”

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Original taken from shatff on This day... February 26 – 3

About Napoleon's "escape" from Elba

On February 26, 1815, Napoleon sailed from the island of Elba - the place of his first exile, where he would spend almost ten months. (It is customary to say “escaped” - but, if you please, the deposed emperor, accompanied by a little over a thousand soldiers, was not going to run away from anyone - on the contrary, he was heading straight towards his enemies; he was going to regain his empire - and Bonaparte will succeed, even if just for the notorious One hundred days!..) However - in order.

...The reason for the deposition of Napoleon was not only military defeats - as we remember, the emperor was persuaded to sign the abdication by his own marshals. (Those who were embarrassed to cheat on him obviously!..) The problem was inside: France was simply tired of twenty years of continuous wars - and tired from top to bottom. At some point, the prevailing opinion will be that Napoleon's departure is the best way out of the situation; in the end, it is to him that the European monarchs have complaints - and the rest will live in peace. (And, by the way, taking advantage of everything that the emperor gave them in terms of government - after all, "Code Napoleon" will later become the basis for many democratic European legislation. Of course, the new elite also hoped to preserve everything “acquired by back-breaking labor” during the years of the empire!..)

...However, life will go on as usual - elevated to the throne by the bayonets of the Allies LouisXVIII will not risk touching the legislation, and will even agree (under pressure from our Alexander) to sign some constitution- however, as Talleyrand noted, “The Bourbons have forgiven nothing and learned nothing.” The returning nobles of the “pre-revolutionary temperament” came into conflict with the “new aristocracy”; the peasantry and bourgeoisie feared the prospect of returning the lands received in the revolution; the army was grumbling because of the cuts... in a word, not even a few months would pass before the French would be very disappointed - and start recall…(You understand who!... The laws of human memory are known: numerous hardships and defeats will disappear - but the triumphal march across Europe will remain!)

...It remains not entirely clear whether Napoleon resigned himself to the fate of being the ruler of an island of two hundred square kilometers and with tens of thousands of people (by the way, Elba is located only fifty kilometers from Corsica) - or whether he initially planned to return, and was simply misleading his jailers ... (After all, he was only forty-five!..) One way or another, upon arrival in the new possessions, Bonaparte will say: "This will be an island of relaxation"- and will enthusiastically take up the improvement of his dwarf empire. He will begin to build (and among other things there will even be a theater), lay roads, plant vineyards; organizes customs... in a word, every day of Napoleon is busy with vigorous activity - just like in those days when he ruled half the world!..

...This continues month after month - meanwhile, the murmur in France is becoming stronger, and conspiracies are even beginning to mature. Rumors about this reach Bonaparte - in addition, he has his own claims. Napoleon hoped that after abdication he would be able to reunite with his wife and son - however Marie Louise remains at the court of his father, the Austrian emperor. (There is an opinion that she was held back; the majority is inclined to believe that Marie-Louise herself was not eager to go anywhere, since she got married, practically, under duress... by the way, Napoleon’s first wife, Josephine, will die shortly after his departure).

...The situation is aggravated by the sudden lack of money looming on the horizon - the new authorities, as if, are not going to pay the ex-emperor the stipend agreed upon during his abdication - and his own funds, given the scale of the reforms undertaken, are rapidly melting away!..

...Thus, the situation quickly escalates - although Bonaparte continues to repeat: “The Emperor is dead; I am nothing... I no longer exist for the world. Now I am only interested in my family, my house, my cows and my mules”...(Actually, this obsessive “yak” itself sounds quite eloquent... having sat down to write my memoirs, I was already at Saint Helena, Napoleon will take an example from Caesar - and begin to write about himself in the third person).

...Meanwhile, conspiracies are being woven not only against the monarchy - in turn, the “restored” Bourbons are beginning to think that it would be a good idea to hide the dangerous exile somewhere far away - or even simply finish him off... In addition, at the Congress of Vienna, the victors cannot amicably divide The Napoleonic Empire - and yesterday's allies are already seriously looking askance at each other. (After all, the core of their alliance was the overthrow "enemy of humanity"; Now he’ll be pulled out!..)

...So, Napoleon consults with his mother (which is remarkable!), the three generals who remained with him - and orders the preparation of two proclamations. One of them says: "French people! In exile I heard your complaints and your desires! I have crossed the seas and come again to take possession of my rights, which are also your rights.” In another: “Soldiers! Come and stand under the banners of your leader!”

PS: ...At night, Napoleon’s detachment will secretly embark on several small boats - as if the soldiers were not told anything... however, what doubts could they have?.. They say that the rebel flotilla will stumble upon a warship patrolling the Elbe - the captain will kindly inquire health of the emperor - and will receive the answer that he “...feels better than ever!..” On the first of March, Napoleon and his detachment will set foot on French soil... However, this is a completely different story.