The Russian language is a rather complex subject, but you can’t do without studying it. At the end of school education, every student must pass the Unified State Exam.

The most difficult part of the exam is the essay. You need to prepare for the Unified State Exam every day; to make it easy to write a creative paper, you need to learn cliches, then the work will be minimal. As you know, in an essay it is necessary to present an argument; the problem of honor is very common. It is for this reason that we will examine this topic in detail.

"Captain's daughter"

This is the famous work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, where an argument is found on a given topic. The problem of honor in The Captain's Daughter comes to the fore. Even if we remember the epigraph of this story, we will remember these words: “Take care of your honor from a young age.”

To begin with, let us clarify the decency of the heroes of the work, their moral qualities. Who represents it? Examples include Grinev, the parents of this hero, and the Mironov family. How else can we look at this problem? Let us present an argument (the problem of honor) from the point of view of love for one’s Motherland: Grinev in the story is a man of word and honor. This is reflected both in Masha’s attitude and in relation to loyalty to her homeland.

In addition, in the work “The Captain's Daughter” there is a contrast between the heroes (Grinev and Shvabrin), these are complete antipodes. The first is a man of honor, but the second has neither honor nor conscience. This is a very rude guy who doesn’t mind being rude to a girl or going over to the enemy’s side. Shvabrin has such a quality as egoism, which is incompatible with the concept of “honor”.

How is the highest moral quality of an individual, such as honor, formed? When presenting the “problem of honor” argument, it is necessary to highlight that such a quality is formed from childhood. We see this in the example of the Grinevs; honor is the basis of the character of this family.

"Taras Bulba"

Where else does the problem of honor occur? Arguments can also be found in the famous work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.

The main character has two sons who are completely opposite in their moral qualities. Ostap was honest and brave. He was not afraid to take the blame on himself, for example, a torn garden. Betrayal is not typical for him, Ostap died in terrible agony, but remained a hero.

Another thing is Andriy. He is light and romantic by nature. Always thinks about himself first. He will be able to deceive or betray without a twinge of conscience. Andriy's biggest betrayal is going over to the side of the enemy out of love. He betrayed all his close people, he died in shame at the hands of his father, who could not survive and forgive his son for his act.

What is instructive about the work? It's very easy to give in to your feelings, but don't forget about those people who care about you. Betrayal in war is the most terrible act, and there is no forgiveness or mercy for the person who committed it.

"War and Peace"

The problem, the arguments we will present now, is found in the novel by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy. The novel is dedicated to the most terrible war, when Russia fought against Napoleon. Who has become the personification of honor here? Heroes such as:

• Andrey Bolkonsky.
• Pierre Bezukhov.
• Natasha Rostova.

This quality was demonstrated by all these heroes on certain occasions. The first distinguished himself in the Battle of Borodino, the second - with his desire to kill the enemy, and Natasha Rostova helped the wounded. Everyone was in the same position, everyone was given their own special tests. But people of honor, patriots of their country were able to defeat the enemy.

"Two captains"

The problem, the arguments of which we will now present, occurs to us on the pages of V. Kaverin’s story. It is worth immediately paying attention to the fact that the work was written in nineteen forty-four, during the war with the Nazis.

In these difficult times for everyone, concepts such as dignity and honor are valued in people above all else. Why is the story called this? The captains in question: Sanya Grigoriev and Tatarinov. Their integrity unites them. The essence of the work is as follows: Sanya became interested in the missing expedition of Tatarinov and defended his good name. He did this, despite the fact that he alienated Katya, whom he had grown to love deeply.

The work teaches the reader that one must always go to the end and not stop halfway, especially when it comes to the honor and dignity of a person. People who live dishonestly will always be punished, it just takes a little time, justice will always prevail.

1. (60 words) In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov’s “Woe from Wit” conscience appears before readers as an attribute of a person’s spiritual culture. Thus, Chatsky does not accept service “not for business, but for persons,” just as he does not accept the infringement of the rights of peasants. It is the sense of justice that makes him fight against Famust’s society, showing its flaws - this suggests that the “sense of conscience” does not sleep in the hero.
2. (47 words) A similar example can be seen on the pages of the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Tatyana is a person of conscience. Despite Eugene’s confession and her feelings for him, she chooses not love, but duty, remaining a devoted wife. It speaks of conscience, which implies loyalty to one’s principles and respect for loved ones.
3. (57 words) In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov’s “Hero of Our Time” the main character is G.A. Pechorin is a “suffering egoist.” His conscience torments him, but he tries in every possible way to resist it, proving to himself that this is just boredom. In fact, this awareness of his own injustice saddens Gregory. Conscience becomes not only a “measure” of morality, but also a real “weapon” of the soul against the vice that has engulfed it.
4. (56 words) Conscience is, first of all, honor and dignity, which are absent from the main character of N.V.’s work. Gogol's "Dead Souls" - Chichikov. A person who does not have “remorse” is incapable of being honest. This is what Chichikov’s adventure speaks about. He is used to deceiving people, making them believe in the nobility of “spiritual impulses,” but all his actions speak only of the baseness of his soul.
5. (50 words) A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “Mother’s Courtyard” also talks about moral qualities. The main character, Matryona, is a person whose attitude to life speaks of purity of soul, empathy for people and true self-sacrifice - this is a sense of conscience. It is this that guides Matryona and does not allow her to pass by someone else’s misfortune.
6. (45 words) The hero of N. M. Karamzin’s story “Poor Liza” suffered from attacks of conscience until the end of his life. Despite Lisa's sincere love, Erast still chooses a rich woman in order to improve his financial situation. The treachery led the girl to suicide, and the culprit executed himself for this until his death.
7. (58 words) I.A. Bunin in the collection “Dark Alleys” also raises this problem. “Everything passes, but not everything is forgotten,” says the former serf peasant woman to the gentleman he accidentally met, who once abandoned her. His conscience did not make him suffer, which is probably why fate punished him by destroying his family. An unscrupulous person does not learn anything and does not feel his responsibility, so everything in his life turns out sad.
8. (58 words) D.I. Fonvizin in the comedy “The Minor” reveals the concept of conscience using the example of one of the main characters - Mrs. Prostakova. She is trying in every possible way to rob her relative, Sophia, in order to finally “take control” of her inheritance, forcing her to marry Mitofanushka - this suggests that Prostakova does not have a developed sense of moral responsibility to people, which is what conscience is.
9. (59 words) M. A. Sholokhov in the story “The Fate of Man” says that conscience is honor and moral responsibility, proving this through the example of the main character, Andrei Sokolov, who overcame the temptation to save his life at the cost of betrayal. He was driven into an honest fight for his homeland by the feeling of his involvement in the fate of the country, thanks to which he survived the struggle for the freedom of the fatherland.
10. (45 words) Conscience is often the key to trust. So, for example, in M. Gorky’s work “Chelkash” the main character takes a peasant guy into the business, hoping for his decency. However, Gavrila does not have it: he betrays his comrade. Then the thief throws the money and leaves his partner: if there is no conscience, there is no trust.

Examples from personal life, cinema, media

1. (58 words) Conscience is internal self-control; it does not allow you to do bad things. So, for example, my dad will never be rude or offend with an “unkind word”, because he understands that you need to treat people the way you want them to treat you. This is the golden rule of morality from the social studies course. But it only works when the individual has a conscience.
2. (49 words) Mel Gibson's film "Hacksaw Ridge" raises the issue of self-sacrifice, which is one of the main features of a conscientious nature. The main character, Desmond Doss, risked his own life in order to “patch up” a world that was mired in endless wars. He, no matter what, saved people from a hot spot, guided by his conscience.
3. (43 words) Conscience is a heightened sense of justice. One day, my sister’s friend told her secret to the whole class. I wanted to “teach” her a lesson, but during the conversation it turned out that both girls had acted badly. Realizing this, they made peace. Thus, conscience should speak in a person, not revenge.
4. (58 words) It is enough just to see the infringement of the rights of another person once, and it immediately becomes clear what the word “conscience” means. One day, passing by a playground, I saw a little girl crying and asking the boy not to touch her doll. I approached (approached) them and tried to figure out what was the matter. As a result, they continued to play peacefully. People should not pass by other people's troubles.
5. (50 words) Conscience does not allow a person to abandon a creature in trouble that needs help. My friend told this story: during frosty evenings, all the homeless animals suffer from hunger, and he goes out every day, despite the bad weather, to feed them. Feeling love and living it means being a conscientious person!
6. (50 words) In Mark Herman’s film “The Boy in the Striped Pajamas,” the problem of conscience is particularly acutely addressed. The inner experiences that torment the soul of the protagonist force him to find himself in a real adult world - a world of cruelty and pain. And only a little Jewish boy is able to show him what is called “conscience”: to remain human, despite external circumstances.
7. (54 words) Our ancestors said: “Let a clear conscience be the measure of your actions.” For example, a decent person will never take someone else’s property, so those around him trust him. What cannot be said about a thief who will never gain respect in society. Thus, conscience, first of all, shapes our appearance in the eyes of the environment; without it, personality cannot exist among people.
8. (58 words) “Conscience may not have teeth, but it can gnaw,” says the popular proverb, and this is the absolute truth. For example, the feature film by Jonathan Teplitsky, based on real events, tells the story of Eric Lomax, who was captured by Japanese troops during the war, and his “punisher,” who throughout his life regretted what happened: torture and moral Lomax's humiliation.
9. (58 words) Once as a child, I broke my mother’s vase, and I was faced with a difficult choice: confess and be punished (oops) or remain silent. However, the feeling that I had done something bad to another person made me apologize to my mother and realize my own mistake. Thanks to honesty, my mother forgave me, and I realized that I shouldn’t be afraid to act according to my conscience.
10. (62 words) In the film “Afonya,” director Georgy Danelia introduces us to an “unscrupulous” man who, despite other people’s needs, turned off the water in the house during an emergency. When the residents asked whether he had a conscience, he replied that he had advice, but no time. This situation suggests that the main character thinks only about himself. Apparently, decency is still dormant in him.
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Secondary school No. 141

Topic: The theme of honor in the works of Russian writers

Class: 10 "B"

Head: Shulman Nina Nikolaevna

Moscow 2003

Issues of honor and morality are always a fundamental issue in

relationships between people in society. One of the important places is given to this topic

in Russian literature of the 19th century. Russian writers of this significant period

in the development of national history created works that not only

fully reflected life, but also had a huge moral

educational value, revealing the best that is among the people, for which

this people should lean on.

Honor is that high spiritual force that keeps a person from

meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens

choosing an action when conscience is the judge. Life often tests

people, presenting them with a choice - to act honorably and take the blow

or be cowardly and go against your conscience in order to gain benefit and

escape from trouble or even death. A person always has a choice and

his moral principles depend on how he will act. The path is difficult

honor, but retreat from it, loss of honor is even more painful. Dishonor

always gets punished. This is apparently the order of the higher powers.

Moral decay, the decline of moral principles leads to collapse as

an individual and an entire nation. That's why it's so important

great Russian classical literature, which is a moral

foundation and assistant for many generations of people. Vivid images

created by writers with love and vitality seem to acquire

materiality. They live among us and set an example of morality and

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So in the story

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" we see how it

happens and what results it leads to.

The main character of the story, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, was brought up in

an environment of high everyday morality. His father is negative

referred to easy but dishonest ways to make a career at court. He is not

wanted to send his young son to serve in St. Petersburg, in the guard

Petrush: “What will he learn while serving in St. Petersburg? Wander and hang out? -

says Andrei Petrovich to his wife. - “No, let him serve in the army, yes

will pull the strap and smell the gunpowder, yes

There will be a soldier, not a shamaton.” In his parting words to his son, the father especially emphasizes

the need to maintain honor: “Serve faithfully, to whom you pledge allegiance, obey

bosses; Don’t chase their affection; don’t ask for service; from service

don’t make excuses and remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age.”

This parting word from his father stays with Grinev for the rest of his life and helps him not

go astray from the right path. Petrusha Grinev did not receive a good education,

since his teacher was only the serf Savelich, who

however, he considered it his duty to faithfully serve the master. His dedication to his

the master is far from slavish dependence. Savelich not only taught Petrusha

literacy, but also gave him important life advice, which was dictated by his

sincere love for the boy.

So in his family Pyotr Grinev was raised as a nobleman, loyal to his

word and does not consider it possible to change the oath for his own good.

Having been torn away from home and parents, Petr Grinev finds himself involved in

card game and is played. Although Savelich tried to persuade him to avoid

calculation, Grinev acted honorably and returned the gambling debt.

Grinev is kind and sympathetic. Despite Savelich's dissatisfaction, he did not

regretted giving his hare sheepskin coat to the tramp who showed him the way to

blizzard Grinev could not help but thank the person who did him the favor. This

the action in the future saved his life. Good responds with good.

Moral tests awaited Grinev in his new military life. IN

At the Belogorod fortress, he became friends with the daughter of the commandant, Masha Mironova.

Because of Masha, Pyotr Grinev quarreled with his comrade Shvabrin, who

laughed at Grinev’s tender feelings, poured out in the poems he composed.

Grinev entrusted Shvabrin with his poems, and the vile Shvabrin, guessing that they

addressed to Masha, began to speak obscenities about her. Later it turned out

that he himself wooed Masha and, having received a refusal, wanted to discredit her name. Grinev

challenged the offender to a duel, as he considered it his duty to defend his honor

girls. Shvabrin's shamelessness was unbearable to him.

Shvabrin is selfish and cowardly. His image seems to highlight the nobility

Grinev, for whom there is no other way but to act honorably, does not

thinking about your own benefit. Shvabrin is his complete opposite.

Even during the duel, feeling Grinev’s strength, he took advantage of

that Grinev turned away, distracted by Savelich rushing to help, and struck

him a treacherous blow with a sword.

Then Grinev finds out that Shvabrin wrote a denunciation against him to his father.

Thus, Shvabrin’s dishonest behavior arouses antipathy in the reader

and thereby enhances the charm and attractiveness of Peter’s character

Andreevich Grinev.

The characters of Shvabrin and Grinev were especially evident during Pugachevsky

rebellion when the question of their life and death was being decided. It’s wonderful at the same time

behavior of the family of the commandant of the fortress. Concepts of honor and duty, fidelity

the oath was sacred to Masha’s parents. They preferred death, but did not give up

to the rioters. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov was incapable of betrayal for the sake of

own well-being. His wife Vasilisa Egorovna was ready to divide

the husband's fate, so as not to surrender to the enemy.

Shvabrin is valuable and indifferent to the suffering of these people. He treated with

contempt for ordinary people and thought only about how to save his

own life at any cost. Senses of duty and honor were not developed in him.

He broke his oath and went over to the side of the rebels, but not because

I sympathized with them and shared their views, but only to save my life. A

he also had a plan, having dealt with Grinev, to force Masha to marry him

As for Grinev, it is quite clear that he chose death. He is not

could change his oath and become an ally of Pugachev, the murderer of the Mashinykhs

parents.

Grinev would have been hanged if not for Savelich’s desperate behavior,

who asked for his pardon and was ready to die in place of his master.

Savelich saved Grinev, showing devotion and fulfillment of his duty

to protect Petrusha, entrusted to him.

Pugachev praised Grinev as a man of honor. He set himself

noble goal to give freedom and happiness to serfs and therefore he

I liked the nobility of the young officer. Grinev's morality had

influence on Pugachev. He freed Masha and offered to be imprisoned by his father

them at the wedding. Having received Grinev’s polite refusal, Pugachev managed to understand him,

since he also had mercy and honor.

Pugachev also understands that Shvabrin is dishonest and treats him with

neglect.

Having been arrested following a denunciation for his connection with the rebel chieftain, Grinev from

For reasons of honor, he does not name his beloved. But justice

triumphed and the story has a happy ending.

So Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin showed an understanding of honor and duty from

positions of completely different people standing at different levels of society.

Moral qualities are cultivated in a person regardless of his

education and social status.

An interesting remark by V. Belinsky, who said about Pushkin that “reading

his creations, one can perfectly educate a person within oneself.”

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin himself was a “slave of honor,” as he wrote about

in his poem “The Death of a Poet” another brilliant poet

M.Yu. Lermontov. He fell victim to dishonest and evil envious people. Protecting

honor of his wife and his honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, who

dubious behavior could discredit the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander

Sergeevich could not live “slandered by rumors” and put an end to dishonor at the cost

own life.

The Poet's soul could not bear it

The shame of petty grievances,

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before... and killed!

But the “wonderful genius” of Pushkin illuminates the lives of many with its radiant light

and many generations of descendants, but Dantes’ “empty heart” did not find happiness in

earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said “Freedom, Genius

and the executioners of Glory" will not be able to wash away with their "black blood of the Poet the righteous

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also fought a duel, defending his honor. He

was killed by Martynov. Still a very young genius poet who created

immortal works, caused irritation and anger of idle worthless

envious people and, like Pushkin, accepted death for his honor.

The history of the Russian duel of the 19th century is a history of human tragedies,

high impulses and passions. The dueling tradition is associated with the concept of honor in

noble society of that time. Willingness to pay with one's life for

the inviolability of one's personal dignity presupposed an acute awareness

of this dignity, a highly developed sense of honor. In addition to duels

prompted by an underlying consciousness that the highest justice must be done and

the right one must win.

Duels often broke out at the slightest provocation. So in Pushkin’s poem “Eugene

Onegin" Lensky challenged his friend Onegin to a duel because of an unfounded

jealousy. Having “an ardent and rather strange spirit,” “he had a sweet heart

ignoramus." In love with the stupid and flighty Olga, Lensky did not see her

shortcomings. Onegin, not being a romantic like Lensky, wanted to joke

over him out of boredom. There was no blood grudge. It was clear to everyone that it was

lies in a misunderstanding. However, Lensky did not want to give in.

Onegin reacted with annoyance and even contempt to the duel in which he was

involved against one's own will. He was sincerely saddened by the bloody outcome

duel. Lensky died “in the bloom of joyful hopes,” offended by a friend,

paying with his life for the insult: “The poet, the brooding dreamer was killed by a friend

Breters were not uncommon among the duelists. Breter - a man who flaunted

their willingness and ability to fight anywhere and with anyone

was. The risk of the brethren was of an ostentatious nature, and killing the enemy was part of

into his calculations. It was a mixture of posturing and cruelty.

Negative versions of the duel are also depicted in Pushkin’s story

"Shot". The hero of the story Silvio is looking for an excuse for a fight in order to approve

his championship in the hussar regiment; you can feel the bratish manners in him.

Telling Ivan Petrovich Belkin about himself, he says: “I was the first

a brawler in the army... Duels in our regiment happened every minute: I fought them all

either a witness or an actor."

His opponent is a rich count, “the favorite of happiness,” who caused irritation

Silvio with his superiority and luck. The Count demonstrated

contempt for death: ate cherries at gunpoint. Both opponents

acted to please their pride. Silvio's goal is not murder, but desire

to prove to himself and others that he is stronger and can dominate people. Them

were dominated by painful pride and selfishness.

There was no murder, but Silvio left behind his shot. He

dedicated several years of his life to achieve triumph over the enemy and

to take revenge for wounded pride. Limiting himself in everything, he daily

trained in shooting and waited for the moment convenient to carry out his

Having finally arrived at the count to fire back, Silvio

did not kill him, but was content with making him tremble and being

witness his fear.

Pushkin describes the morals of young officers, “who in courage

usually see the height of human dignity and an excuse for all kinds of

vices."

In the story “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov, Pechorin kills

Grushnitsky's duel. Standing up for the honor of a lady who was basely slandered by Grushnitsky

Due to her inattention to him, Pechorin challenges the offender to a duel.

The cowardly Grushnitsky secretly agrees with his seconds to charge

only his pistol, leaving Pechorin a blank shot. Immorality

and Grushnitsky’s cowardice are expressed in his dishonest behavior towards

to the girl and to his friend, whom he envies.

Having learned about the conspiracy, Pechorin offers Grushnitsky cruel conditions

duel, or publicly renounce your slander and ask him

apologies. Grushnitsky, in a fit of impotent hatred of the enemy, chooses

shoot himself without a chance to live and falls into the abyss, struck by a bullet

Pechorina.

The duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described

L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel “War and Peace.”

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian man, prone to philosophical

reflections, far from everyday vanity and strife. He couldn't do it at all

handle weapons. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel.

Here Tolstoy seems to confirm the idea that justice is being done and

vice must be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov,

because, being an honest person, he could not assume dishonor in others.

He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of his old friendship, and Dolokhov

disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his

honor, but realizing that stupid and cruel Helen does not deserve to

Because of her, a murder occurred, she repents of what happened. He thanks

God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent before the duel, but

not out of fear, but because he is sure of Helen’s guilt.

In Lermontov's drama "Masquerade" Arbenin, defending his honor, kills

his own beloved wife, believing in a skillfully woven intrigue.

Arbenin here appears as an egoist and a villain who ruined an innocent soul for the sake of

your ambitions. Painful pride and a false idea of ​​honor made

he was a toy in the hands of crafty ill-wishers and pushed into villainy.

Having poisoned his wife and learned that she was innocent in front of him, Arbenin is scared

he repents, but his life is already ruined.

So, literary heroes of that era called offenders to the barrier and sometimes

took desperate actions to defend their honor, the price of which was

In the grandiose work “War and Peace”

L.N. Tolstoy pays main attention to the problem of moral purity of the soul.

A sense of honor and duty, spiritual generosity and purity are the key to peace and

happiness of people on earth. Showing what troubles war brings to the world, Tolstoy

concludes that only self-improvement, the desire of every person

individually becoming better, kinder will save peoples from destruction and death.

Favorite heroes of Tolstoy Andrei Bolkonsky and his loved ones, Pierre Bezukhov,

The Rostov family are sincere and noble people who understand their duty

before parents and the Fatherland, living according to honor and conscience.

Andrei Bolkonsky is a strong-willed and principled person. At the beginning of the novel

he dreams of military glory, waits for a happy moment when “he will have to,

finally, to show all that he can do,” to prove himself in battle.

“I live for this alone,” thought Prince Andrei.

Raised by his father as general-in-chief of Catherine's reign,

who occupied a prominent position precisely because of their talents, and not because of their desire for

career, Prince Andrei learned the concepts of honor and duty to people and

fatherland. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky honestly served his fatherland

and never served, as evidenced by his resignation and even exile when

The Bolkonskys are an old aristocratic family. They are rightfully proud

by his services to the Fatherland. High concept of honor, pride,

the old prince conveyed independence, nobility and sharpness of mind

inheritance and his son. Both despise upstarts and careerists like

Kuragin, for whom there is no concept of honor.

Prince Andrey dreams of a feat. He accomplishes a feat in the battle of

Austerlitz, picking up the fallen banner and thereby inspiring those who turned to

flight of the army

The image of Prince Andrei is given by Tolstoy in development. As a result of spiritual

quest, he changes his idea of ​​the meaning of life. At the end of the book, being

mortally wounded in the Battle of Borodino, the “divine

“love” for people is the love that should save the world from evil.

Prince Andrei never betrayed his duty and conscience. After breaking up with

Natasha Rostova, despite the mental pain caused to him, he did not

challenges Kuragin to a duel, being superior to this. In this case it

nobility and a sense of honor do not allow him to take the insult personally.

He leaves Natasha's betrayal on her conscience, because of which she suffers greatly.

Ultimately, Andrei Bolkonsky forgives Natasha for her hobby, understanding her

inexperience and also realizing that he loves only her.

Andrei Bolkonsky has a friendship with Pierre Bezukhov. These two

people distinguished each other among secular empty hypocrites, feeling

unity of views and recognizing in each other a person of honor.

Pierre Bezukhov, like Prince Andrei, is in a constant search for meaning

life, never betrayed his honor and always acted like a decent

Human. He is infinitely kind and able to feel other people's pain. Tense

Pierre's inner spiritual activity, his desire for

self-improvement led him to an understanding of infinity and beauty

being. He found his soul, which cannot be killed.

Pierre's observations of the behavior of ordinary people, their wisdom and

naturalness taught him a lot. Moral purity of the people

the ability for self-sacrifice, spiritual nobility were a discovery for

Pierre Bezukhov and he joyfully felt himself to be part of this people, part of it

spiritual strength.

Using the example of the War of 1812, L.N. Tolstoy shows how the people heroically

makes history. The War of 1812 appears in Tolstoy's depiction as a war

folk During a period of difficult trials for the Fatherland, “a people’s cause”

becomes the defense of the Motherland. The novel contains many images of ordinary men,

soldier. All of them are ready to die for their Motherland and are confident of victory. “To all the people

they want to attack.” The whole world is ready to defend the honor of their Fatherland and

unanimous in their decision not to surrender their capital to the enemy. To do nothing

went to the “devils”, it was decided to set Moscow on fire.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor by drawing images of two commanders,

Kutuzov and Napoleon - defender of the Fatherland and invader.

An invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his action is capture

someone else's that does not belong to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in

the novel is selfish and narcissistic, arrogant and arrogant. He wanted

enslave the Russian people and laid claim to world domination.

The figure of Kutuzov is opposite to Napoleon. He is depicted as a leader

just people's war, connected with the people by close spiritual ties. IN

This was his strength as a commander. Deep patriotic feelings

Kutuzov, his love for the Russian people and hatred of the enemy, his closeness to

The soldier recognized him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people the source of spirituality and morality,

necessary for the whole society. According to Tolstoy, those who are moral and honest are

nobles who are closer to the people. They have a more pronounced

patriotic feeling. And vice versa, those nobles who distance themselves from

their people and abhor them, callous and soulless.

Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and the soldier of his regiment are equal in love for the Motherland. IN

His regiment called him “our prince,” they were proud of him and loved him.” Spiritual

Platon Karataev, a man of the people, became Pierre Bezukhov’s teacher. Soldiers

They called Pierre “our master.”

Tolstoy contrasts the false patriotism of secularism with popular patriotism.

nobility The main goal of these people is to catch “crosses, rubles, ranks.” Higher

the light was characterized by traits of duplicity and hypocrisy. Life in carefree luxury

dulled feelings of honor and duty.

The Patriotic War of 1812 concluded a huge moral

the power that purified and reborn Tolstoy's heroes. Their fates went the same

dear, as is the people's fate. They came to understand that by defending

the honor of their Fatherland, they preserve their honor.

List of used literature.

1. A. S. Pushkin:

"Captain's daughter"

"Eugene Onegin"

"Shot"

2. M. Yu. Lermontov

"Death of poet"

"Hero of our time"

"Masquerade"

3. L. N. Tolstoy.

Arguments for the final essay.

1. A. Pushkin“The Captain's Daughter” (As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet a “slave of honor.” The quarrel, the cause of which was the insulted honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death greatest writer... However, Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people.

In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grinev with high moral qualities. Peter did not sully his honor even in those cases when he could have paid for it with his head. He was a highly moral person worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin’s slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

2. M. Sholokhov“The Fate of a Man” (In a short story, Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor. Andrei Sokolov was a simple Russian man, he had a family, a loving wife, children, his own home. Everything collapsed in an instant, and the war was to blame. But nothing could break a real Russian spirit. Sokolov managed to endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of the main episodes that reveals the strength and persistent character of a man is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei by Muller. A weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in strength of spirit. Refusal of the offer to drink German weapons for the victory became unexpected for the Germans: “Why should I, a Russian soldier, drink German weapons for the victory?” The Nazis appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier, saying: “You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and I respect worthy opponents.” Sokolov’s strength of character aroused the respect of the Germans and they decided, that this man deserves life. Andrei Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. He is ready to give even his life for them.))

3. M. Lermonotov. The novel “A Hero of Our Time” (Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky’s intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonest act by offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon in a duel).

4. M. Lermonotov“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”. (Lermontov talks about the permissiveness of people in power. This is Kiribeevich, who encroached on his married wife. Laws are not written for him, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a faithful husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeevich, for the honor of his wife Alena, he challenged him to a fist fight. By killing the guardsman, Merchant Kalashnikov aroused the wrath of the Tsar, who ordered him to be hanged. Of course, Stepan Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar and avoided his death, but for him the honor of his family turned out to be more valuable. Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed the true Russian character of a simple man of honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

5. N. Gogol"Taras Bulba". (Ostap accepted his death with dignity).

6. V.Rasputin"French lessons". (The boy Vova passes all tests with honor in order to get an education and become a man)

6. A. Pushkin"Captain's daughter". (Shvabrin is a striking example of a person who has lost his dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, overstepping himself in favor of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: “Take care dress again, but honor from a young age." Once your honor has been tarnished, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.)

7. F.M. Dostoevsky“Crime and Punishment” (Raskolnikov is a murderer, but the dishonest act was based on pure thoughts. What is it: honor or dishonor?)

8. F.M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment". (Sonya Marmeladova sold herself, but did it for the sake of her family. What is this: honor or dishonor?)

9. F.M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment". (Dunya was slandered. But her honor was restored. Honor is easy to lose.)

10. L.N. Tolstoy“War and Peace” (Having become the owner of a large inheritance, Bezukhov, with his honesty and faith in the kindness of people, falls into the net set by Prince Kuragin. His attempts to take possession of the inheritance failed, then he decided to get the money in another way. He married the young man to his daughter Helen , who had no feelings for her husband. In the good-natured and peace-loving Pierre, who learned about Helen’s betrayal with Dolokhov, anger began to boil and he challenged Fedor to battle. The duel showed Pierre’s courage. Thus, using the example of Pierre Bezukhov, Tolstoy showed the qualities that cause respect. And the pathetic intrigues of Prince Kuragin, Helen and Dolokhov brought them only suffering. Lies, hypocrisy and sycophancy never bring real success, but they can tarnish honor and lose the dignity of a person).

Russian literature has given us a cavalcade of both positive and negative characters. We decided to remember the second group. Beware, spoilers.

20. Alexey Molchalin (Alexander Griboedov, “Woe from Wit”)

Molchalin is the hero “about nothing”, Famusov’s secretary. He is faithful to his father’s behest: “to please all people without exception - the owner, the boss, his servant, the janitor’s dog.”

In a conversation with Chatsky, he sets out his life principles, which consist in the fact that “at my age I should not dare to have my own judgment.”

Molchalin is sure that you need to think and act as is customary in “Famus” society, otherwise people will gossip about you, and, as you know, “evil tongues are worse than pistols.”

He despises Sophia, but in order to please Famusov, he is ready to sit with her all night long, playing the role of a lover.

19. Grushnitsky (Mikhail Lermontov, “Hero of Our Time”)

Grushnitsky has no name in Lermontov's story. He is the “double” of the main character - Pechorin. According to Lermontov’s description, Grushnitsky is “... one of those people who have ready-made pompous phrases for all occasions, who are not touched by simply beautiful things and who are importantly draped in extraordinary feelings, sublime passions and exceptional suffering. Producing an effect is their pleasure...”

Grushnitsky loves pathos very much. There is not an ounce of sincerity in him. Grushnitsky is in love with Princess Mary, and at first she responds to him with special attention, but then falls in love with Pechorin.

The matter ends in a duel. Grushnitsky is so low that he conspires with his friends and they do not load Pechorin’s pistol. The hero cannot forgive such outright meanness. He reloads the pistol and kills Grushnitsky.

18. Afanasy Totsky (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Idiot”)

Afanasy Totsky, having taken Nastya Barashkova, the daughter of a deceased neighbor, as his upbringing and dependent, eventually “became close to her,” developing a suicidal complex in the girl and indirectly becoming one of the culprits of her death.

Extremely averse to the female sex, at the age of 55 Totsky decided to connect his life with the daughter of General Epanchin Alexandra, deciding to marry Nastasya to Ganya Ivolgin. However, neither one nor the other case burned out. As a result, Totsky “was captivated by a visiting Frenchwoman, a marquise and a legitimist.”

17. Alena Ivanovna (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)

The old pawnbroker is a character who has become a household name. Even those who have not read Dostoevsky’s novel have heard about it. Alena Ivanovna, by today’s standards, is not that old, she is “about 60 years old,” but the author describes her like this: “... a dry old woman with sharp and angry eyes with a small pointed nose... Her blond, slightly gray hair was greasy with oil. Some kind of flannel rag was wrapped around her thin and long neck, similar to a chicken leg...”

The old woman pawnbroker is engaged in usury and makes money from people's misfortune. She takes valuable things at huge interest rates, bullies her younger sister Lizaveta, and beats her.

16. Arkady Svidrigailov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)

Svidrigailov is one of Raskolnikov’s doubles in Dostoevsky’s novel, a widower, at one time he was bought out of prison by his wife, he lived in the village for 7 years. A cynical and depraved person. On his conscience is the suicide of a servant, a 14-year-old girl, and possibly the poisoning of his wife.

Due to Svidrigailov's harassment, Raskolnikov's sister lost her job. Having learned that Raskolnikov is a murderer, Luzhin blackmails Dunya. The girl shoots at Svidrigailov and misses.

Svidrigailov is an ideological scoundrel, he does not experience moral torment and experiences “world boredom,” eternity seems to him like a “bathhouse with spiders.” As a result, he commits suicide with a revolver shot.

15. Kabanikha (Alexander Ostrovsky, “The Thunderstorm”)

In the image of Kabanikha, one of the central characters of the play “The Thunderstorm,” Ostrovsky reflected the outgoing patriarchal, strict archaism. Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna, “a rich merchant’s wife, widow,” mother-in-law of Katerina, mother of Tikhon and Varvara.

Kabanikha is very domineering and strong, she is religious, but more outwardly, since she does not believe in forgiveness or mercy. She is as practical as possible and lives by earthly interests.

Kabanikha is sure that the family way of life can be maintained only through fear and orders: “After all, out of love your parents are strict with you, out of love they scold you, everyone thinks to teach you good.” She perceives the departure of the old order as a personal tragedy: “This is how the old times come to be... What will happen, how the elders will die... I don’t know.”

14. Lady (Ivan Turgenev, “Mumu”)

We all know the sad story about how Gerasim drowned Mumu, but not everyone remembers why he did it, but he did it because a despotic lady ordered him to do so.

The same landowner had previously given the washerwoman Tatyana, with whom Gerasim was in love, to the drunken shoemaker Capiton, which ruined both of them.
The lady, at her own discretion, decides the fate of her serfs, without regard at all to their wishes, and sometimes even to common sense.

13. Footman Yasha (Anton Chekhov, “The Cherry Orchard”)

The footman Yasha in Anton Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard” is an unpleasant character. He openly worships everything foreign, but at the same time he is extremely ignorant, rude and even boorish. When his mother comes to him from the village and waits for him in the people’s room all day, Yasha dismissively declares: “It’s really necessary, she could come tomorrow.”

Yasha tries to behave decently in public, tries to seem educated and well-mannered, but at the same time alone with Firs he says to the old man: “I'm tired of you, grandfather. I wish you would die soon.”

Yasha is very proud that he lived abroad. With his foreign polish, he wins the heart of the maid Dunyasha, but uses her location for his own benefit. After the sale of the estate, the footman persuades Ranevskaya to take him with her to Paris again. It is impossible for him to stay in Russia: “the country is uneducated, the people are immoral, and, moreover, boredom...”.

12. Pavel Smerdyakov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Brothers Karamazov”)

Smerdyakov is a character with a telling surname, rumored to be the illegitimate son of Fyodor Karrmazov from the city holy fool Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya. The surname Smerdyakov was given to him by Fyodor Pavlovich in honor of his mother.

Smerdyakov serves as a cook in Karamazov’s house, and he cooks, apparently, quite well. However, this is a “foulbrood man.” This is evidenced at least by Smerdyakov’s reasoning about history: “In the twelfth year there was a great invasion of Russia by Emperor Napoleon of France the First, and it would be good if these same French had conquered us then, a smart nation would have conquered a very stupid one and annexed it to itself. There would even be completely different orders.”

Smerdyakov is the killer of Karamazov's father.

11. Pyotr Luzhin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)

Luzhin is another one of Rodion Raskolnikov’s doubles, a business man of 45 years old, “with a cautious and grumpy physiognomy.”

Having made it “from rags to riches,” Luzhin is proud of his pseudo-education and behaves arrogantly and primly. Having proposed to Dunya, he anticipates that she will be grateful to him all her life for the fact that he “brought her into the public eye.”

He also wooes Duna out of convenience, believing that she will be useful to him for his career. Luzhin hates Raskolnikov because he opposes his alliance with Dunya. Luzhin puts one hundred rubles in Sonya Marmeladova's pocket at her father's funeral, accusing her of theft.

10. Kirila Troekurov (Alexander Pushkin, “Dubrovsky”)

Troekurov is an example of a Russian master spoiled by his power and environment. He spends his time in idleness, drunkenness, and voluptuousness. Troekurov sincerely believes in his impunity and limitless possibilities (“This is the power to take away property without any right”).

The master loves his daughter Masha, but marries her to an old man she doesn’t love. Troekurov's serfs are similar to their master - Troekurov's hound is insolent to Dubrovsky Sr. - and thereby quarrels old friends.

9. Sergei Talberg (Mikhail Bulgakov, “The White Guard”)

Sergei Talberg is the husband of Elena Turbina, a traitor and an opportunist. He easily changes his principles and beliefs, without much effort or remorse. Talberg is always where it is easier to live, so he runs abroad. He leaves his family and friends. Even Talberg’s eyes (which, as we know, are the “mirror of the soul”) are “two-story”; he is the complete opposite of Turbin.

Thalberg was the first to wear the red bandage at the military school in March 1917 and, as a member of the military committee, arrested the famous General Petrov.

8. Alexey Shvabrin (Alexander Pushkin, “The Captain's Daughter”)

Shvabrin is the antipode of the main character of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” by Pyotr Grinev. He was exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for murder in a duel. Shvabrin is undoubtedly smart, but at the same time he is cunning, impudent, cynical, and mocking. Having received Masha Mironova’s refusal, he spreads dirty rumors about her, wounds him in the back in a duel with Grinev, goes over to Pugachev’s side, and, having been captured by government troops, spreads rumors that Grinev is a traitor. In general, he is a rubbish person.

7. Vasilisa Kostyleva (Maxim Gorky, “At the Depths”)

In Gorky's play "At the Bottom" everything is sad and sad. This atmosphere is diligently maintained by the owners of the shelter where the action takes place - the Kostylevs. The husband is a nasty, cowardly and greedy old man, Vasilisa’s wife is a calculating, resourceful opportunist who forces her lover Vaska Pepel to steal for her sake. When she finds out that he himself is in love with her sister, he promises to give her up in exchange for killing her husband.

6. Mazepa (Alexander Pushkin, “Poltava”)

Mazepa is a historical character, but if in history Mazepa’s role is ambiguous, then in Pushkin’s poem Mazepa is definitely a negative character. Mazepa appears in the poem as an absolutely immoral, dishonest, vindictive, evil person, as a treacherous hypocrite for whom nothing is sacred (he “does not know the sacred,” “does not remember charity”), a person accustomed to achieving his goal at any cost.

The seducer of his young goddaughter Maria, he puts her father Kochubey to public execution and - already sentenced to death - subjects her to cruel torture in order to find out where he hid his treasures. Without equivocation, Pushkin also denounces Mazepa’s political activity, which is determined only by the lust for power and the thirst for revenge on Peter.

5. Foma Opiskin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants”)

Foma Opiskin is an extremely negative character. A hanger-on, a hypocrite, a liar. He diligently pretends to be pious and educated, tells everyone about his supposedly ascetic experience and sparkles with quotes from books...

When he gains power, he shows his true nature. “A low soul, having come out from under oppression, oppresses itself. Thomas was oppressed - and he immediately felt the need to oppress himself; They broke down over him - and he himself began to break down over others. He was a jester and immediately felt the need to have his own jesters. He boasted to the point of absurdity, broke down to the point of impossibility, demanded bird's milk, tyrannized beyond measure, and it came to the point that good people, not yet having witnessed all these tricks, but listening only to stories, considered all this to be a miracle, an obsession, were baptized and spat..."

4. Viktor Komarovsky (Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago)

Lawyer Komarovsky is a negative character in Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago. In the destinies of the main characters - Zhivago and Lara, Komarovsky is an “evil genius” and a “gray eminence”. He is guilty of the ruin of the Zhivago family and the death of the protagonist's father; he cohabits with Lara's mother and Lara herself. Finally, Komarovsky tricks Zhivago into separating him from his wife. Komarovsky is smart, calculating, greedy, cynical. Overall, a bad person. He understands this himself, but this suits him quite well.

3. Judushka Golovlev (Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, “The Golovlev Lords”)

Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, nicknamed Judas and Blood Drinker, is “the last representative of an escapist family.” He is hypocritical, greedy, cowardly, calculating. He spends his life in endless slander and litigation, drives his son to suicide, and at the same time imitates extreme religiosity, reading prayers “without the participation of the heart.”

Towards the end of his dark life, Golovlev gets drunk and runs wild, and goes into the March snowstorm. In the morning, his frozen corpse is found.

2. Andriy (Nikolai Gogol, “Taras Bulba”)

Andriy is the youngest son of Taras Bulba, the hero of the story of the same name by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Andriy, as Gogol writes, from early youth began to feel the “need for love.” This need fails him. He falls in love with the lady, betrays his homeland, his friends, and his father. Andriy admits: “Who said that my homeland is Ukraine? Who gave it to me in my homeland? The Fatherland is what our soul is looking for, what is dearer to it than anything else. My fatherland is you!... and I will sell, give away, and destroy everything that I have for such a fatherland!”
Andriy is a traitor. He is killed by his own father.

1. Fyodor Karamazov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Brothers Karamazov”)

He is voluptuous, greedy, envious, stupid. By maturity, he became flabby, began to drink a lot, opened several taverns, made many fellow countrymen his debtors... He began to compete with his eldest son Dmitry for the heart of Grushenka Svetlova, which paved the way for the crime - Karamazov was killed by his illegitimate son Pyotr Smerdyakov.