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| The history of the scarf. The history of the scarf |
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The history of the scarf A scarf has long ceased to be a purely utilitarian thing. It not only warms up in the cold, but now it is also a bright accessory that can be selected in any season to any wardrobe item. A scarf is able to hide something and become a real highlight of the image. The history of the scarf begins almost two thousand years ago. Archaeological finds from the 1970s indicate that it was first worn by the Chinese military. In the burial of the times of the Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang, discovered in 1974, among the warriors made of terracotta, one can see neckbands, made so skillfully that even now you can easily distinguish folds on them. The find confirmed that the Chinese warriors tied a piece of material around their necks to protect them from the cold and wind, that is, they used the scarf only for practical reasons. A little later, a gradation of scarves by military rank appeared: the warriors close to the emperor wore silk, simple ones made of cotton. Prior to this discovery, the Romans were considered the inventors of the scarf. Roman legionnaires called the neckbands focale, in this form they were even captured on Trajan's column. Warriors demonstrating the military exploits of Emperor Trajan are engraved on it with a spiral ribbon. Moreover, most of them have scarves tied with a knot around their necks. The predecessor of today's warm scarves also originated in ancient Rome. They were worn by Roman legionnaires during campaigns in cold Gaul and Germany.
The whims of kings In the seventeenth century, utilitarianism was forgotten, and beauty came to the fore. The most exquisite, of course, was considered silk, and scarves from this material were very popular among representatives of high society. For example, the composer Beethoven loved this accessory, preferring dramatic red shades that emphasize his brutal appearance. Napoleon Bonaparte adored silk scarves that were specially brought to him from India, and King Louis XIV of France, seeing bright silk scarves on Croatian soldiers for the first time, fell in love with them at first sight. Silk scarves came to be called kravate. These were expensive scarves made of Venetian or Flemish lace. We do not presume to assert whether the French "kravat" goes back to the Croats, but this name for a tie has survived in many European languages \u200b\u200bto this day, so the probability is extremely high. Since lace was imported into France from abroad, it was very expensive. The "Sun King" even organized a special court position: the supplier-cravatier was in charge of the purchase and care of a variety of silk accessories (the bishop did not like to deny himself a choice and had hundreds of scarves). This was the period when aesthetics came to the fore. The king's favorites, one after another, competed in who would wear a beautiful scarf in the most original way. The Duchess de La Vallière even went down in history: she chose men's scarves for herself and began to tie them with a bow. This bow-lavalier has survived to this day as a decorative adornment for both women's and men's clothing. The scarf only seems to be a simple piece of matter, in fact, a lot depends on the way of wearing it. There is always a place for creativity here. So, during the period of hostilities in 1692 between France and England, the steinkerk style arose, which consisted of the following: a scarf was wound around the neck, and the ends tied together in a knot were hidden in the collar of outerwear. The history of the emergence of this style is quite interesting. The French were resting near the village of Steinkerk when news came that the British were advancing. Not having time to tie the tie properly, one dandy simply tucked it into his buttonhole.
In the Russian open spaces In our country, scarves appeared during the reign of Peter I at the end of the 17th century and briefly passed the path already known to us. Moreover, the officer's scarf became the first element in distinguishing higher ranks from ordinary soldiers. It was equipped with tassels of twisted thread of silver or golden color and was made of silk. The accessory was supposed to be worn over the right shoulder, tying the tassels in a knot at the left thigh. By the way, Paul I, who later came to the throne, did not like scarves very much. The autocrat imposed strict discipline in the army. Any liberty in dress was excluded. An officer's uniform appeared without this accessory at all. Ironically, it was the scarf that caused the death of the emperor: one of the officers strangled him with it. In 1783, a comfortable knitted scarf was invented in Krakow. True, they began to use it everywhere only during the First World War (the pilots tied their necks in winter, fleeing the wind and cold). The knitted scarf began to penetrate into everyday men's fashion in the thirties of the XX century, but it was finally fixed in it only in the seventies on the wave of fashion for knitwear. But in France in the middle of the 19th century, a woolen scarf suddenly turned into a symbol of rebellion. Young revolutionaries began to cover not only their neck, but also the lower part of their face. At first, the accessories were faded and checked, and later they began to be sewn from thin and bright colored silk fabrics with patterns. Seeing in the stole a symbol of rebellion and denial of the regime, they began to wear it much less often in our country. Kashne was immediately chosen by criminal groups and put them on to emphasize their belonging to the criminal world. Thank God, the fashion for scarves was revived at the beginning of the 20th century by Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni. He just adored them. By the way, in the same era in the Soviet Union, a scarf was considered a sign of bourgeoisness, therefore only women and children decided to wear it. So they wrapped themselves in plaid scarves made of wool in cool weather.
Fashion sky The scarf has rightfully taken the place of a practical and beautiful accessory that can be worn in cold weather, and in summer heat, and for a walk and out. Here fashion houses got down to business, creating various models of stoles, among which Hermes became the leader. His silk scarves became a cult and went down in fashion history. They were still sewn from silk, and the pattern was striking in its variety. By the way, according to statistics, the most popular is just the Hermes scarf (let's say thanks to the TV series, where you could watch a huge number of different models). Queen Victoria of England played an important role in increasing demand for this accessory, as the neckerchief became a favorite and permanent element of the royal wardrobe. A little later, thanks to Burberry, plaid fabric came into fashion, and warm scarves were also sewn from it. But the scarf did not begin its triumphant ascent to the heights of fashion right away - only in the 21st century did designers realize that it can be not just a beautiful element, but even correct the whole image. Fortunately, there are a great many models now: they can be winter, demi-season or summer. In your wardrobe, you should have a few pieces for any occasion. It can be a shawl, stole, snood, poncho, collar, and even a good old boa. The more options, the more vivid images you can create. The fashion for fabrics has also changed. Delicate silk, of course, has not gone anywhere (just look at the stunningly bright Missoni models), but now linen, cotton, cashmere, corrugation, wool, and a combination of fabrics have become more in demand. The imagination and the decor of the scarves is striking, since all sorts of elements in the form of fringe, pompons, beads, fur, leather and embroidery are also used here. Of course, this mainly concerns women's stoles. The prints also change with every season, adapting to fashion trends. There are such beautiful models that the entire look is selected for an unusual accessory. What else makes a scarf such a versatile accessory is the variety of options for tying and wearing it. You can find over twenty ways for women and about ten for men. Scarves can be worn not only around the neck, but also on the hips, wrist, bag handle, or tied around the head, as was fashionable in the sixties.
Ole-ole-ole! Separately, we will highlight scarves, which carry the role of a distinctive feature or belonging to a certain community. You don't have to go far for examples. Just remember the fan scarves that fans cheerfully wave at the stadiums. Football lovers, regardless of age or social status, definitely take this accessory when going to a match or club meeting, because this is a key element of football paraphernalia. For the first time, the fan scarf appeared in the sixties in England, where, in fact, this sport was born. They were made from striped woolen fabric, made in the colors of the club. Soon they began to be noticed in the stadiums of Italy. In the USSR, such scarves appeared in the eighties: at first they tried to make them from ordinary cotton fabric, on which a pattern was applied, but the option turned out to be short-lived - they were quickly torn. Therefore, soon the fans began to knit them themselves. The first such long scarves were wrapped around the fans of "Spartak", and soon the fans of "Zenith" also got an accessory. Each club has its own rules and design features for a fan scarf. They are kept as a keepsake and collected. Now anyone has the opportunity not only to choose a scarf for every day, but also to order an exclusive model for any look and not just hide from the cold, but also make a splash at a social event. One of the main things for any person is clothing. Today we need it not only as a first necessity, but also as an opportunity to stand out from the masses, to show off taste or just to show off. For a long time, clothes were decorated with frills, flounces, laces, sewn from expensive fabrics and added knitted elements. There are many knitted things and I would like to dwell on this type of needlework in more detail. It has existed for several thousand years and has not lost its popularity. And where are the origins of this skill and who created the first loops on primitive rods-knitting needles? Unfortunately, we never find out, because the yarn rots quickly and we have to draw conclusions from the few samples that have survived. Knitting history goes back thousands of years. Ancient Egypt is considered the homeland and in the tomb of one of the pharaohs they found a sock with a finger like a mitten. And in Detroit museums there are samples of ancient Egyptian patterns, on which ancient Arabic texts are clearly visible. The Egyptians also applied drawings to the walls, which depicted cardigans and jackets. And in Cairo, a dress made on metal knitting needles has been preserved and its age, according to archaeologists, is about 2000 years. Although, it is believed that people were engaged in knitting long before our era. Even in the frozen lava of Pompeii, archaeologists have found prints of knitted stockings. Copts, Egyptian Christians, introduced Europeans to this handicraft. They traveled throughout Europe for missionary purposes and took with them many beautiful handmade clothes. The Europeans liked her very much so that they did not even adopt the techniques of making these things from the Copts. And thus knitting spread throughout Europe. In the 13th century. in France, knitting has become a profitable production. And in Scotland, whole families knitted, creating original, multi-colored patterns that adorned clothes. The Scots also created a traditional beret that became a symbol of their country. Interesting fact
 In addition, there were special schools where men studied art for 6 years, after which they passed difficult exams. Despite this, only the most gifted could become famous and knit for rich people. After all, only the rich could afford such a luxury. It is known that the Swedish king Eric the fourth, bought himself a pair of handmade silk stockings, which cost as much as his shoemaker received for a whole year.  George Lucas. In the 16th century. the assistant priest, William Lee, invented the knitting machine and the process of making garments became much easier and faster. But still, mass production on a machine could not supplant hand knitting and it is still very popular all over the world. In almost every family, there is someone who is fond of this activity. Thanks to him, our wardrobe is replenished with warm knitted socks and sweaters. For some, knitting is a waste of time, while for others it is a way of life and they simply cannot do without a ball and knitting needles. One way or another, this handicraft has a very long and interesting history that deserves respect. Video “A little about the history of knitting”.
You might also be interested in:Is a relatively new phenomenon in street fashion. Therefore, it is not surprising that there was confusion on this topic. Now we call this a wide tube scarf, which can be worn on the head. However, initially this word (literally means "leash") was used to refer to a completely different accessory - a headdress for hair in the form of a net. In the Middle Ages, ladies hid their long hair (and they did not cut it all their lives) in such a mesh hood. It covered part of the forehead, passed behind the ears and under the head. Wealthy ladies wore snoods richly decorated with pearls. In later times, snoods were also worn outside the home: decency demanded to hide the hair. In Scotland, snoods were called ribbons that were woven into the hair of a girl of marriageable age. This is how the status was visually determined. During the Second World War, snood experienced a rebirth - this headdress emphasized the patriotism of its owner. Nowadays hair snoods are worn by married Jewish women - following the ancient religious custom of always covering their heads. Well, in fact, snoods in the meaning of a pipe scarf were the first to be worn by skiers and motorcyclists. It is very convenient: you can wrap it around your neck or cover your head, depending on the weather and wind. Otherwise snoods are called "endless scarf" or "endless loop", "turtle neck". Today snoods confidently walk on fashion catwalks - both in the female and male versions. The main advantage of knitted tube scarves is their practicality: they cover the neck well and warm the head, if necessary. The text of the work is placed without images and formulas. Purpose:Develop models and knit the intended products. Tasks: 1. To study the technology of knitting; 2. Conduct research and develop a sketch of a design product; 3. Pick up tools and accessories for knitting; 4. Choose yarn for the product; 5. Describe the technological process of manufacturing products. 6. Make a product; 7. Carry out quality control of your work; 8. Learn the basic rules for caring for the product. 1. Justification of the chosen topic. For the project, I chose a product made using the technique of hand knitting. The very first lessons in knitting techniques were given to me by my mother and grandmother. Recently, hand knitting has become more and more popular. This can be explained, probably, by the fact that knitting gives healing minutes of peace in the midst of the daily bustle of urgent matters and at the same time tames you to concentration, thoroughness in completing the work you have begun. The standard has inevitably entered our life. And the standard in clothes is depressing, first of all, for the creative personalities of the younger generation, who at all times, much more than people of mature age, have sought to emphasize the originality in their appearance. Knitting contributes to the development of creativity, gives the widest opportunities to create unique patterns and clothing models. A hand-knitted thing is always unique. Recently my parents bought me a new jacket, but I decided to knit a scarf myself. I will pick up purple and white yarns and complement my wardrobe with a new original item. Resolved: I'm knitting a scarf. 2. "Asterisk" of thinking. . 3. Identification of the main parameters and limitations. The product must meet the following requirements:The product must be done carefully. The product must match the chosen style. The product must be beautiful. The product must be durable. The product must be practical. 4 . Theoretical information. Basic knitting terms Front wall of the hinge Back wall of the hinge - the vertical part of the loop behind the knitting needle. Loop arc Broach- a thread connecting two adjacent loops of the same color from below. The front loop "classic", or usual, - a loop tied to the front wall. Grandma's front loop - a loop knitted behind the back wall. Crossed loop- a loop, the walls of which are criss-cross. Looped column- a vertical row of loops. Knit according to the pattern, or how the loops look, - this means that over the front loops you should knit the front loops, over the purl loops - purl. Unilateral knitting- knitted fabric, which has a different surface structure on the front and back sides, for example, hosiery. Double-sided knitting - a cloth that has the same surface structure on the front and back sides, for example, a scarf. * - conventional signfound when describing patterns. Indicates a repetition of the motive. Scheme or rapport- the image of the loops used in knitting using conventional symbols. Loop arc- the upper horizontal part of the loop, lying on the spoke. Broach - a thread connecting two adjacent loops of the same color from below Air loop - buttonhole for a very thin edge of knitted fabric. The technique of knitting and crocheting is different. Front surface- a pattern in which in the front rows all the loops are knitted with the front ones, and in the purl ones - with the wrong ones. Seamy surface - a pattern in which in the front rows all loops are knitted with the purl, and in the purl - with the front. Garter knitting- a pattern in which in the front and back rows all loops are knitted with the front ones. Edge loop (edge) - the first and last stitches of the knitted fabric. They are not involved in the formation of the pattern. Motive - a specific combination of loops and rows, repeated in the horizontal and vertical directions. Main thread- the thread from which the product is knitted. Front wall of the hinge- the vertical part of the loop, located in front of the knitting needle. 5. Information from history. Researchers in the history of applied art, not without reason, believe that hand-knitted garments appeared much earlier than sewn from fabric. Loops of knitted fabric can be formed without any auxiliary tools - just on the fingers. Knitting received a tangible impetus to the development of needlework knitting needles - first, apparently, bone and wood. Manual jersey It is relatively easy to deteriorate, which is why things of the early periods of human existence have not survived. However, it is safe to assume that amazons dressed in knitted tight-fitting pants, this is clearly visible in the drawings of Greek vases. And Penelope, waiting for Odysseus, dismissed at night, deceiving persistent suitors, not woven, but knitted fabric. Only a knitted thing, not a woven one, can be quickly dissolved without disturbing the thread and visible traces. More realistically, the time of occurrence of hand knitting can be judged by the surviving archaeological finds. For example, a decorative knitted belt with an ornament - a hummingbird - was discovered in Peru. The period of creation of this marvelous find is ḬḬḬ century AD. The original is on display at the Art Institute in Detroit. In Egyptian tombs (4-5 centuries AD), a children's sock made of colored wool of a rather complex knitting technique was found: the thumb was separated from the rest in order to make it easier to thread the sandal strap. Knitting needles that were found in one of the Germanic tombs belong to the same period. A find from the Danish swamps - long woolen pants with a stocking sewn on - also speaks of the high level of clothing culture and mastery of the knitting technique of the ancient Germans. In America, knitting developed completely independently, this is evidenced by the works of the Indians - original, with bright geometric ornaments that they had for owners knitted things mythical meaning. It is pertinent to note that knitting has been a commitment of men for a very long time. The remarkable properties of wool - to keep warm in cold weather, to keep the body from overheating in heat, to repel drops of water in bad weather - have been appreciated by people for a long time. In the 16th century, knitting was already known in all European countries. From knitted things, stockings have become especially popular. Made of fine silk, they cost a lot of money, so they became the accessories of the toilets of kings and nobility. After her accession to the throne, Queen Elizabeth of England received a pair of knitted black silk stockings as a gift from her lady-in-waiting. Over time, the production of stockings throughout Europe was organized in workshops. From that moment on, women's competition began to noticeably crowd out men's positions in knitting. The men tried to keep their privileges. Trying to prevent this phenomenon, in 1612 the Prague hosiery decided on pain of money penalties not hire any woman. But the fact has already come true: There are so many women who have mastered the art of knitting that it has become a custom for them to gather for gatherings with their works. The rapid development of knitting as a craft began with the invention of the knitting machine by the Englishman Vilniy Lee (1589), on the basis of which almost all knitting designs were later created. The improvement of knitting production went slowly, it was truly mechanized only in the 19th century. In our country, knitting was widespread almost everywhere. The whole world is famous for the Orenburg and Penza shawls - soft, thin, light and warm. Hand knitting as a craft existed in many provinces, especially in the Baltic states - they knitted stockings, socks, mittens, gloves. With the advent of the knitwear industry, hand knitting has lost its commercial significance, but without losing its popularity, it began to develop in a different direction. This handicraft has become one of the types of applied arts. The thread stretching from the ball fascinates even now with its endless possibilities. Knitting needles flash, a ball is unwound - a canvas is created, and patterns of the future product appear on it. At the same time, the Creator receives the inexplicable joy of participating in the art of his own creation. Coming up a pattern, choosing the color of the threads for it, coming up with the style of the future thing and following how all this is being implemented is an exciting experience! 6. Bank of ideas. Having studied the theoretical material, I decided to choose products made using the knitting technique as the object of a creative project, with which I could replenish my wardrobe and my sister. Consider and evaluate the options. Model No. 1 Model No. 2 Model No. 3 Selection criteria: I chose pattern # 2 as my knitting skills will be enough to make such a product. 7. Sketch study. 8. Requirements for the product; product care label.
9.Design specification Having studied the rules of knitting, having analyzed some analogs, I have developed criteria for my own product. My product must be: Beautiful; Original; Not very expensive; Harmonious with the elements of my wardrobe. 10. Tools and equipment. Knitting needles are hand knitting tools, long and usually with a slightly pointed end. On the spoke there are working (unclosed) loops of the canvas, which prevents them from unraveling. New loops are formed using the sharp end. Knitting needles : The needles differ in thickness, which also determines the number of the needles. The number is equal to the diameter of the needles. For example, 3mm needles will be labeled # 3. Straight single knitting needles are the most common type of needles with one pointed end and a stop on the other. Thanks to this tip, the stitches do not slip off the knitting needle. Manufacturers often indicate the spoke number on these tips. Such knitting needles are used for knitting any kind of product, except for those that are knitted in a circle. Straight double-sided or double-ended knitting needles - knitting needles with two working ends, used for seamless circular knitting (for example, socks). These needles are usually shorter than straight single needles and are sold in sets of 4-5. When knitting on such knitting needles, two of them are workers, the rest hold other open loops. When knitting, the loops are distributed over 4 knitting needles and knitted with the 5th knitting needle. Circular knitting needles are a special type of straight single knitting needles, where a pair of the same number is connected to each other by a flexible band (fishing line or plastic tube). In such types, you can knit both a straight fabric and a seamless circular large diameter. The advantage of such knitting needles over straight single ones is that the weight of the knitted fabric is distributed over the knitting needles more evenly and the hands of the master are less loaded. Another plus of these knitting needles is that they have both working ends. The auxiliary needles are double-sided needles curved in the middle. Used to lay open loops. Materials for making knitting needles ... Knitting needles are made from different materials - metal, plastic, wood and bamboo. Each needlewoman chooses knitting needles according to her taste, but nevertheless, when buying, you need to know some features of tools from a particular material. Metal knitting needles - made mainly of steel or aluminum. The most reliable tools are made of steel, but they are heavier than their aluminum counterparts. But at the same time, aluminum knitting needles can easily bend and stain the yarn when knitting. To avoid the latter, many aluminum spokes are Teflon-coated. Plastic knitting needles - Help when working with thick lightweight yarn, however they are very fragile. These knitting needles are very convenient for working with ribbon yarn or cord. These needles are often produced in large numbers. Wooden knitting needles are very light, but burrs can appear on them over time. The loops are non-slip on the knitting needles making them attractive for beginner knitters. Bamboo knitting needles are lightweight and durable. Due to the fact that they are a little rough, the work hinges do not slip off them. Suitable for any kind of yarn. Bone tools are made by hand and are therefore not cheap. They are well polished, but very fragile. Therefore, they must be carefully stored and used. 11. Safety technology. Rules for safe work with tools when knitting:1. With knitting needles must be handled very carefully, do not bring them to the face, store in boxes and pencil cases. 2. Knitting needles, needles and pins must be counted before starting work and after it ends. 3. The needles should not be very sharp, otherwise they can injure your fingers. 4. Do not use rusty knitting needles, hooks, needles and pins - they spoil the yarn and threads. 5. Broken needles, pins and other waste should be put in a separate box and then discarded by wrapping it in a piece of disposable paper or newspaper. 6. The pins are inserted into the product in three punctures so that the point remains as far as possible between the layers of the fabric. 7. Scissors should be stored in a working box. While knitting, lay them in rings towards you, closing the blades. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for knitting: 1. The workplace should be well lit, the light should fall on the work from the left side. 2. Sit upright, touching the back of the chair. The distance from the eyes to work should be at least 35-40 cm, so that myopia does not develop, particles of the fibers that make up the yarn do not get into the eyes. 3. Before and after work, you should wash your hands so that the threads and knitted fabric do not get dirty, and there are no small fibers left on your hands. 4. It is better to store the unfinished product by wrapping it in a cloth or putting it in a bag 12. Organization of the workplace. Before starting any business, you must first of all equip a comfortable workplace. When knitting, it is very important that this place is well lit. The light should fall on the work from the left side. You need to sit straight, touching the back of the chair with the body. The distance from the eyes to the work should be 35 ... 40 cm. At a shorter distance, myopia develops and particles of wool get into the eyes. Before starting and after finishing work, you should wash your hands so that the thread and knitted fabric are always clean, and no small particles of wool remain on your hands. When knitting, it is better to keep the ball in a special strawberry - a small basket or box on the floor to your left. At the end of the work, all tools must be put into the working box. The ends of the knitting needles or a hook should be hammered into a ball and, together with the unfinished work, put into a plastic bag or cloth bag, which is stored in a closet, on a shelf, etc. Often you will need to use an iron, handle it correctly and be careful. 13 . Materials. It exists today in a huge variety. In order not to get lost in this variety and choose threads for knitting that correspond to the set goal, you need to know what kind of yarn for knitting is and to create what things this or that type is used. Knitting threads are divided into natural (linen, cotton, wool, mohair, silk) and synthetic (acrylic, viscose, rayon, cashmere). However, most often yarn for knitting is a combination of artificial and natural fibers, selected in appropriate proportions. Knitting threads (yarn, etc.) are obtained by twisting several threads together with the same or different tension (weak, less than sewing threads), simple or shaped twist. There is also untwisted yarn - roving. For knitting warm winter clothes, as a rule, thicker yarn is used for knitting - it can be wool, mohair, alpaca. Naturally, yarn with a minimum content of synthetics, containing valuable threads (angora, natural cashmere, silk) is more expensive, but also more attractive and durable in the product. Knitting threads can have different textures and thicknesses, which determine the final properties of the knitted thing, therefore, before starting needlework, you should make sure that the selected knitting threads are suitable for a specific model. For my scarf, I chose natural wool yarn. 14.Color circle. Color plays a big role in our life. Clean, bright colors delight the eye, create a mood. Gloomy, faded and expressionless can depress, cause a feeling of depression. When choosing yarn for knitting, you need to know how different colors affect each other. To do this, you need to know the basics of color harmony. Harmony of color is the basis of a beautiful product. The word "harmony" means consistency, harmony, it came from the Greek language. The harmonious color selection is based on the color wheel, which consists of the same colors as the rainbow (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, cyan, violet). The color wheel can be divided in half so that one half includes red, orange, yellow, yellow-green tones, and the other half - blue, green, blue-violet. The colors of the right half of the circle are called warm, and the colors of the left half are called cold. Each color is characterized by hue, brightness and saturation. Hue is the chromaticity: red, blue, yellow, etc. Brightness is the degree to which it is close to white. Therefore, the lightest, and therefore the brightest, will be colors close to white - pink, blue, yellow. Saturation is the degree to which a color is dense. Sun-colored colors are chromatic. And black, white, gray are achromatic. These are colorless tones, unpainted. They do not have saturation and color tone, but differ from each other in brightness, and black does not have brightness either. Colors located on opposite sides of the spectral circle are called complementary (yellow - blue, orange - cyan). If the complementary colors are mixed in equal amounts, the result is a gray, nondescript color. When complementary colors are placed side by side, they enhance the color saturation. The same color, surrounded by dark colors, appears lighter, and surrounded by light tones - darker. A harmonious combination is obtained from shades located close to each other in the spectral circle. 15. Manufacturing technology. Initial row of loops. Any knitting begins with a set of a certain number of loops on the knitting needles, which form the initial row. It then becomes the bottom edge of the knit. The front loop can be knitted in two ways: The first method is classic, behind the front wall The second method is to knit the front loop for the back wall The purl loop can also be knitted first and second Edge loop These loops can be knitted in two ways. The most common is when the first loop is removed without knitting it, while the last one is necessarily knitted with a purl. The second method is to knit an edge loop at the end of the fabric with a front loop. In the first case, the edge of the canvas turns out to be even, in the second, nodules are visible at the edges Securing the last row. Since any knitting ends, you need to learn how to close the loops of the last row and get the top edge of the knitted fabric. They do it in different ways: First way. The extreme and subsequent loops are knitted together with the front one. Second way. The extreme loop is reshomed onto the right knitting needle unbound, the first loop is knitted with a front loop (classic). For my scarf, I chose the drawing "English elastic band" To knit an English elastic pattern, you need to calculate and dial an odd number of loops, the technique itself uses front loops, purl loops and a straight yarn, it is he who allows the pattern to become convex and embossed. The scheme for knitting an English gum is as follows: in the second row, the first, edge loop is removed, the front loop is knitted over the front column, a straight yarn is made and the purl is knitted; all subsequent rows are the same: a straight yarn goes in front of the front loop, the front loop is removed and not tied (the thread is behind the fabric), the back loop and yarn are knitted with a purl loop. The loops are knitted together with a front loop, picking up both loops with a knitting needle in front. Remove from the left knitting needle to the right loop untied, while the thread is located at the back, behind the knitting needle. There is a second way to knit an English elastic band: the first row is knitted using alternately 1 front and 1 purl (1x1 elastic); in the second row, the front loop is tied from the loop of the underlying row, which gives a different option for the formation of a double loop, then the purl is tied; the next rows are knitted in accordance with the second row. The effectiveness of the English gum is also achieved due to the two-sidedness of the report, the drawing looks the same from the inside out and from the outside. In the knitting process, yarn of two colors is used, then each side of the fabric will have its own color. The only thing you should be careful not to confuse the colors, especially when it comes to knitting a colored elastic band horizontally multi-colored, and not vertically. Replace the ball when turning the canvas and strictly monitor the color of the extreme loop, it is she who speaks about the color required in this row. That's what I did!!! 16. Control and quality. The finished product meets the following requirements: The color combination of materials is harmonious; The product is made smoothly and neatly, in accordance with the technology; The work is framed in the final solution; Overall, the product makes a good impression. 17. Environmental justification. The yarn from which I knitted the scarf is environmentally friendly, it contains natural fibers of animal origin, which does not bring dangerous consequences to human health. Manufacturing technology in compliance with safety and hygiene standards is also safe. If my scarf loses its appearance or is not enough for me, it can be unraveled and another knitted product is made from the threads. 18. Business case. The product has a low cost and costs 2.5 times less than in a store. The cost does not include the cost of the work, since it is made independently, therefore the project work is economically profitable. I will not see such a scarf in finished form, it is beautifully and qualitatively knitted. 19. Self-esteem. I have reached my goal. The product is beautiful, interesting, original and airy. With its help, you can make some changes to my wardrobe or a piece of warmth to the one to whom I will give such a product. I plan to make a scarf using this technique. After completing the design work, I made an original item that will replenish my wardrobe and decorate my appearance. Despite the fact that I chose the simplest, and therefore the easiest knitting option, I ended up with a very original scarf, a work that I can be proud of. The originality and beauty of my scarf is emphasized by the color of the yarn. This is my second big knitting work. I knitted the first scarf with beige yarn. This was the first experience, and, of course, there were mistakes: the connection of threads during knitting of the strips violated the evenness of the lace tape, then the loop was skipped when joining the strips. Errors are small, but it takes a long time to fix them, traces of fixes are still visible. When performing design work, I improved my knitting skills and I believe that I have completed all the tasks set for myself . Our warm little things Both comfortable and simple. We knit for winter to all people, For convenience and beauty. I accept orders for the manufacture of scarves at: Ostrogozhsk, Ordzhonikidze str. 6-A Lutsikova Anastasia. 21. Glossary of terms. There are many terms that are commonly used in the description when knitting. Let's consider the main and frequently used knitting terms.Front wall of the hinge - the vertical part of the loop, located in front of the knitting needle. Back wall of the hinge - the vertical part of the loop behind the knitting needle. Loop arc - the upper horizontal part of the loop lying on the spoke. Broach - a thread connecting two adjacent loops of the same color from below. "Classic" front loop, or ordinary, - a loop knitted for the front wall. Grandma's front loop - a loop knitted behind the back wall. Crossed loop - a loop, the walls of which are criss-cross. Looped column - a vertical row of loops. Knit according to the pattern, or how the loops look - this means that over the front loops you should knit the front loops, over the purl loops - the purl. Unilateral knitting - knitted fabric, which has a different surface structure on the front and back sides, for example, hosiery. Double-sided knitting - a canvas with the same surface structure on the front and seamy sides, for example, a scarf. Scheme or rapport - the image of the loops used in knitting using conventional symbols. Air loop - buttonhole for any set of very thin knit edges. The technique of knitting and crocheting is different. Auxiliary thread - a thread used in cases where an edge of open loops is required for processing a knitted fabric. After the end of knitting, it is removed. For convenience in work, it is customary to take a thread of a contrasting color in relation to the main thread and the same thickness. The auxiliary knitting needle acts as a knitting pin in cases where there is a large number of loops outside of work, for example, the entire row. Knitting pin (pin) - a device similar to a large safety pin, which is used in cases where open loops are temporarily out of work and removed from the knitting needle so as not to interfere with the continuation of knitting. Front surface - a pattern in which in the front rows all the loops are knitted with the front ones, and in the purl rows - with the wrong ones. Seamy surface - a pattern in which in the front rows all the loops are knitted with the purl, and in the purl - with the front. Garter knitting - a pattern in which in the front and back rows all loops are knitted with the front ones. Edge loop (edge) - the first and last stitches of the knitted fabric. They are not involved in the formation of the pattern. Motive - a certain combination of loops and rows, repeated in the horizontal and vertical directions. Main thread - the thread from which the product is knitted. 22. List of references. 1. Maximova M.V. Knitting ABC. 2. Magazine "Golden Hands" 3.Sycheva L.V. Knitting magazine 4. Magazines "Knitting". 5. Site materials. http://knowledge.allbest.ru/pedagogics/d-.html. 6. Magic ball. New models. The best models are very simple, very fashionable. Moscow. Astrel. 2003 7. Needlework. V.V. Tsaruk Kiev Publishing house "Davira" 1994 8. Fashionable knitting. E. Zaslavskaya. Rostov "Phoenix" 2006 6. The history of crochet and knitting. 7. Yandex - pictures A knitted scarf is not just an accessory for the fall-winter season. In his simplicity and a certain provincial character of the image, which was characteristic of him, lie the traditions of fashion of past years and a special feeling of comfort and warmth. For the sake of these two characteristics, knitted scarves are acquired by people of different ages, who adhere to different styles in everyday life. Fortunately for them, modern fashion is no longer so hard on them, and ready-made knitwear or hand-knitted scarves are an essential complement to the current styles that are shown over and over again on the world catwalks. The history of the knitted scarf Despite the fact that the history of the scarf began in the days of Ancient China, and people also mastered knitting many years ago, knitted scarves that we know and love today, and that accompany us every autumn and winter, entered mass fashion not so long ago ... Until about the middle of the 20th century, people wore scarves and shawls woven from fine cashmere, models of silk, while knitted scarves (handmade) were worn by those who could not afford expensive accessories. A new era for these accessories began in the seventies of the last century. This happened in both womens and mens fashion. After the bright and distinctive fashion of the sixties, with its clear lines, rigid shapes, laconic cut and the trend towards mini, the era of hippies and casual style came, and with them came the passion for natural materials and knitting. The flourishing of the “football hooligan” subculture in the UK has prompted manufacturers of sportswear and equipment to produce jersey scarves with team insignia. For women, the fashion for knitted scarves began on the runway, when Frenchwoman Sonia Rykiel and Italian brand Missoni showed the fashion world how stylish knitwear can be. Women's magazines of those years rarely did without patterns for knitting scarves or sets with a hat and gloves or mittens, and adherents of street fashion wrapped their noses in multi-colored thick long striped scarves with textured patterns, braids, knitted flowers or knots. Fashion story At the same time, knitting became almost a favorite female hobby. Italian brand Missoni has launched knitwear collections, allowing knitwear to become a full-fledged inhabitant of the seasonal fashion weeks. In the seventies, when there were many hand-knitted publications on the free market, women knitted their own scarves, creating long, wide, heavy lace-knit patterns with tassels, as well as multi-colored scarves. By the eighties, the technology of machine knitting had developed sufficiently, which allowed women to save their time by buying ready-made knitted scarves of various styles. In the new millennium, when hippie chic came into fashion, and it became customary to decorate your outfit and the interior of the house in the country style with its cozy country spirit, knitted things were remembered again. And not just about those who have the status of knitwear, but about those that fit the definition of "from the grandmother's chest." Women again began to knit or buy scarves and shawls, which are reminiscent in design of models of thirty years ago, openwork knitting, voluminous textural products, which they gladly began to combine with all styles of clothing. Modern fashion, fortunately, allows knitted scarves to be worn not only with similarly styled details of clothing. They can be worn both in the autumn-winter season, which does not raise questions, and in the spring-summer season, when it is cool, choosing a scarf Knitted scarf in modern fashion Snood is so loved that it is imitated with ordinary scarves, which are tied with a tight ring around the neck several times. You can combine snood with leather jackets, woolen coats, raincoats and even evening dresses. This style of scarf has found the most fans among young people, while the traditional knitted scarf of medium length and width and a wide heavy stole have more fans among the older generations, whose representatives successfully wear them as part of an elegant, business, feminine or everyday casual Knitted scarves are a truly versatile wardrobe item, an accessory for men and women that can brighten and personalize the most trivial outfit. It can be worn with a jacket or blazer, preferring smoother models made of fine knitwear, monochromatic and without decorative elements. A wide scarf will perfectly play the role of a hood or a hat in the cold season. The combination of a short jacket and a voluminous scarf in a calm neutral color (gray, beige, white) looks especially stylish. A knitted scarf can be combined with both contrasting wardrobe items (leather jacket, thin dress made of noble material), and with a related knit. The combination of a scarf and a cardigan or a sweater dress looks original, which seem to be items of the same set, matching the scarf both in color and texture. Knitted scarf styles The scarf can be very long, going down to the knees and below, or very short. With the return of the fashion to grunge and layering, scarves that wrap around the neck and hide the ends have gained popularity. But to get this effect, it is not necessary to wrap a long scarf around your neck several times; you can purchase a topical tube scarf or snood. Snood - a scarf-collar, which is worn around the neck and, if necessary, wrapped in a "figure eight". But you can wear it without twisting it, choosing a model for yourself, which you like more in width and volume. In addition to being worn around the neck, the snood can be worn as a hood, putting it on the head. Thus, this scarf becomes versatile without the need for a hat, which is very important in the cold season. For a long time already, scarves or shawls-arafats, which are tied in such a way that the corner remains in front, covering the neckline, have been in fashion. Previously, cotton scarves or bright silk scarves were tied like this. Scarves, even knitted ones, have not only a warming function - they can remain an exclusively decorative detail and simply decorate an outfit. For example, if you want to stand out, you can wear a dress with a long and thin knitted scarf to accentuate your look. Various decorative elements that are inherent in knitwear are very popular - pom-poms, tassels, fringes. And if earlier they could only be worn up to a certain age, now you can afford to have plenty of fun, experimenting with your style, which, on occasion, can be decorated with a hat and scarf with a funny pattern and large pom-poms, just like in childhood. |
People have been wearing knitted clothes for many centuries and even millennia. For a long time, the knitted scarf had a supporting role among other items of clothing and accessories. Materials such as silk, brocade, jacquard, cashmere have always had an advantage. Thin and weightless scarves embroidered with gold threads, floral patterns, images of outlandish birds, ethnic motifs and other symbols cost a lot of money. Emperors and wealthy people ordered from abroad for their wives, on whom such scarves looked no less luxurious than jewelry with precious stones. Knitted scarves then remained the lot of commoners who could not afford expensive fabrics, and a skein of yarn - quite.
The history of knitted scarves in ready-to-wear fashion began around the end of the sixties of the last century. It was the time of the active movement of hippies, who dominated fashion, trying to bring it back to nature. With the filing of these trendsetters, a wave of popularity began for clothes made from natural materials, with floral motifs, as well as hand-knitted products, among which were scarves.
In modern fashion, designers now and then look back to the seventies, offering models of knitted scarves, as if preserved from those times. On the catwalk and in knitting magazines, you can see a variety of versions, both long and very short, very narrow and rich voluminous scarves that can serve as a coat or jacket. One of the most popular among couturiers is snood - a knitted scarf-collar, which is a closed ring. Its conciseness and ease of wearing allow it to be unusually versatile and combined with a host of outfits in different styles.
The classic knitted scarf has an average width and length. It does not drag on the ground, it can be tied loosely, leaving the ends on the chest, and it will not create extra volume in the upper body. Such a scarf can be smooth knit, multicolor, striped, monochromatic - its simplicity allows it to have different versions of design and color combinations. It can also be considered the base model from which other options branch off.
A stole is a very wide scarf that can be both voluminous and thin and graceful. A knitted stole becomes an indispensable item for evening walks, you can carry it with you, and when it gets colder, just throw it over your shoulders, and you don't need a sweater or jacket.
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