The expressiveness and beauty of the Russian language was admired by Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy and many other writers, poets, whose life and creative activity were directly connected with the word. They noted his euphony, rich, varied vocabulary, extended semantics, allowing them to use so skillfully all pictorial and expressive means.

Acquaintance with the concept

What is such a linguistic phenomenon as paraphrase? We meet examples of it quite often both in everyday communication and in artistic speech. If you hear someone say “queen of the night” or “night star” instead of the word “moon”, and instead of “stars” - “guiding lights”, “pearls” and “precious placers”, then you should know that they collided with the mentioned concept. In art, it was singled out by the ancient Greeks, they also gave it a definition: "an expression describing one phenomenon with the help of another." That is, the allegory, “one instead of the other” - this is how “periphrase” sounds literally in Greek. Examples of such “around the bush” (another translation-interpretation) are quite easy to find. Yes, here is at least the famous Pushkin's appeal to the sea: "Farewell, free element!"

Periphrase - Paraphrase

People who are ignorant of artistic paths are often confused with a paraphrase, a word that is very similar in sound, but has a completely different meaning. This term denotes different types of retelling of the text: detailed, abbreviated, adapted, transcriptions from poetry to prose and vice versa. Various commentaries, including scientific texts, also belong to it. The paraphrase has a completely different purpose. Its examples in speech are in many ways similar to the role of pronouns in grammar. Both linguistic phenomena do not name objects, signs, but point to them: "he" instead of "man" and "one-armed bandit" instead of "slot machine".

Speech expressiveness

There are quite a few paths in literary criticism expressing some concepts descriptively with the help of others. These are metaphors, puns and comparisons. A special place among them is occupied by periphrase. Examples identified in colloquial speech make it possible to classify the phenomenon into logical subgroups and figurative. In logical terms, the descriptive moment is built on explicit, visible, easily identifiable connections between objects, phenomena, events. And in the figurative - on the system of associations and hidden unifying links. What is a logical periphery? Examples in Russian are easy to find. This is "the author of" A Hero of Our Time "instead of" Lermontov ", and" green spaces "instead of" plants ". Their distinctive feature is wide distribution, transparency of lexical meaning, stereotyped reproduction.

The art of word

A somewhat different kind of figurative periphery. Examples from fiction help to reveal its essence as accurately as possible. If someone is called Oblomov, it will become clear that we mean such human qualities as laziness, lack of desire to do anything, idle daydreaming. Plyushkin has long become synonymous with avarice in its highest manifestation, native Russian speakers often call Moscow "Belokamennaya", and St. Petersburg - in the words of Pushkin: "Peter's creation." In this case, we are not dealing with a pure paraphrase, but with its fusion with other tropes: metaphor and comparison. Often they are realized (that is, they have lost their pronounced figurative meaning), developed or hidden.

Two in one

What else is interesting about paraphrase? Examples from literature prove its connection with another linguistic phenomenon - a euphemism, more precisely, the imposition of one concept on another. When does this happen? If you need a rough, stylistically reduced word, replace it with another, more "noble" one. For example, instead of "coughing" they say "clear the throat", instead of "fart" - "spoil the air." The prostitute is called "a woman of easy virtue", "heterosexual", "a representative of the most ancient profession", "Messalina". The process of cleansing the sinuses - with the beautiful expression “use a handkerchief”, etc. Euphemisms appeared and became entrenched in the language at a time when its literary norms were actively forming, there was a struggle for purity and correctness. Even Lomonosov, with his theory of the "three calm", drew a sharp line between "high", "average" and "low" vocabulary. It was believed that sophisticated and educated nobles should not use rudeness in speech. And although Lomonosov's teachings primarily concerned

literature, genres and genres, it has found the widest application in society.

There is one more reason for the emergence of euphemisms: periphrase is subjective and is determined by religious and cult factors. For example, instead of “devil” in Russia, especially among the people, it was customary to say “unclean” or “crafty”. It was believed that such names would not attract too much attention from otherworldly forces to people, and those, in turn, would not annoy "God's souls." In the same way, the peasants did not pronounce the word "brownie" aloud, calling him "master", "grandfather", "helper." The word "Sam" was quite often encountered. They believed that otherwise the brownie would be offended and we would start playing dirty tricks on them. And if you call it "right", then in this way you can appease the spirit, which will certainly bring good luck to the house.

Periphrase

Periphrase

PERIPHRASE (Greek Περίφρασις, description) is a stylistic term denoting a descriptive expression of an object by any of its properties or attributes. For example: "King of beasts" instead of a lion; "Pea coat" instead of detective; "Stagirite" instead of Aristotle at the place of birth. Paraphrasing is especially often used when listing homogeneous objects in order to avoid uniformity in naming. So, in Pushkin's "sonnet", along with five direct names of the sonnet's poets - Dante, Petrarch, Camoens, Wordsworth, Delvig - two descriptive ones are given: "the creator of Macbeth" vm. Shakespeare and the "Lithuanian singer" vm. Mitskevich. A special type of periphraza is euphemism (see).

M. P. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M .; L .: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what "Periphrase" is in other dictionaries:

Periphrase - PERIPHRASE (Greek Περιφρασις, description) is a stylistic term denoting a descriptive expression of an object by any of its properties or characteristics. For example: "King of beasts" instead of a lion; "Pea coat" instead of detective; "Stagirite" instead of ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

PERIFRASE, a, m. And PERIFRASE, s, g. (specialist.). An expression that descriptively conveys the meaning of another expression or word, eg. instead of in the author's speech. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Female, Greek roundabout speech; replacement of direct, short speech, even one word, with extensive turns, for example. avoiding any word; bluntly. To paraphrase what, whom, to speak according to what was spoken, someone else's, but in other words and broader. Periphrasing ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 7 hint (24) paraphrase (7) paraphrase (4) ... Synonym dictionary

- (perijrasiV; circumlocutio) rhetorical figure, consisting in the fact that an indirect indication of a known phenomenon serves as a substitute for its direct name. In the form of a euphemism, P. plays a significant role in the life and development of the language. We call it periphrases ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

paraphrase - periphery, f. and less often periphrase, m ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

PERIPHRASE (A) [gr. periphrasis devious speech] philol. descriptive, indirect expression of meaning (for example, "Northern Palmira" vm. "St. Petersburg", "your humble servant" vm. "me"). Dictionary of foreign words. Komlev N.G., 2006. PERIPHRASE see PARAPHRASE. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Not to be confused with Paraphrase. Periphrase (paraphrase; from other Greek περίφρασις "descriptive expression", "allegory": περί "around", "about" and φράσις "statement") in the stylistics and poetics of tropes, descriptively expressing one concept with the help of ... ... Wikipedia

paraphrase - PERIFRASE a, m. PERIFRASE s, g. périphrase f., gr. periphrasis peri near + phrasis retelling, descriptive expression. An artistic trope, consisting in replacing the one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a description of the essential, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms

paraphrase - s, w. and periphery / s, a, m, lit. A descriptive expression that replaces the direct name and contains the characteristics of an unnamed object. Examples of paraphrases: the king of beasts (instead of a lion), a heavenly lamp (instead of the moon), fell asleep (instead of ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

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"Periphrase" or "periphrase" is an interesting phenomenon in the Russian language. It belongs to the category of tropes - stable combinations of artistic speech used semantically indivisible and everywhere. This article will help us understand what periphery is.

In contact with

Periphrase - a term that came from Ancient Greece, translated means: "peri" - around, "phrase" - I say... That is, “talking about” - to describe an object or phenomenon with the help of associated words with elements of allegory, with the designation of signs or features. That is, if we give a definition to paraphrase, then we can say that this term implies paraphrasing and special interpretation.

Examples of

The allegorical narration adorns the Russian language, makes it more imaginative, interesting and vivid. Saying the word "fox" is not the same as "sly beast", although both mean the same object. Periphrase allows you to add to the characteristic of someone or something the brightness and the speaker's own attitude.

A person using paraphrase adds to the description of an object or phenomenon a whole spectrum of features that characterize it in a special way. Moreover, these moments will be recognizable for any person. For example: “ship of the desert” - camel, “blue planet” - Earth, “our smaller brothers” - animal world, “City on the Neva” - St. Petersburg.

In our speech, we often resort to allegorical paraphrases, without noticing it ourselves.... Here are some examples:

• “I went to Belokamennaya” (to Moscow).
• "To extract black gold" (oil).
• "Eliminate white death from food" (sugar).
• "A dull time is coming" (autumn).

What are the periphrases

Periphrases in Russian are divided into two categories: general language and author's... The former are used everywhere in the form of allegories for objects known to everyone: "the king of beasts", "blue screen".

The author's paraphrases belong to writers and poets who once used them and the word combinations became stable turns of speech: "Peter's creation", "the mirror of the Russian revolution." Periphrases are recognizable and all educated people, native speakers, understand what or who is meant.

Periphrases are further divided into two categories: logical and figurative.... The former have a clear connection between descriptive properties: "feathered friends", "sly red muzzle". In the second category, figurative periphrases (they are referred to as paths) have an associative structure of communication of descriptive characteristics. So you can say about a person: "Plyushkin" (stingy, greedy), "she eats like Thumbelina" (very little).

How expression is born

When creating a periphery, the meaning contained in an object, event, phenomenon is taken as a basis. It is described using other words, one or more. All terms used in the paraphrase should be understood by the majority.

You can create periphery yourself... Take the word "table" for example. Its semantic range is quite diverse: the object on which the kitchen utensils are placed; sitting behind him, people eat food; you can write on its surface, etc. Therefore, we confine ourselves to the concept of "dining table":

1. An object for placing utensils on it, from which people take food (usual logical description).
2. Support for dinner feasts (figurative description, poetic).
3. A four-legged friend who gathers a family around him (metaphorical, figurative).

In order for such paraphrases to become known to everyone, it is necessary to popularize them - to write books, articles, blogs. Great writers and poets - classics - due to their popularity among a wide range of readers, easily managed to create such paths.

Periphrases in poetry

In the 18th-19th centuries, it was considered “bad taste” to use simple meanings in literary texts. They should have been replaced with more pretentious and solemn ones. This made the texts beautiful.

The most famous "allegor" in Russian poetry is... A lot of stable turns of speech, which we use very often, "flew" from his pen. Words about autumn: "sad time", "charm of the eyes" are recognizable by everyone. The poet conveyed the feeling of sadness and wilting so well that the periphrases "took root" in the language.

Pushkin's "friend of the steppes" is forever recognizable by the reader - we are talking about a Kalmyk.

Pushkin himself was called a “slave of honor” in the work “To the Poet” by M.Yu. Lermontov. In turn, Lermontov is often called "the author of" A Hero of Our Time ".

An interesting example of the periphery of a natural phenomenon - the sunset showed the world F.I. Tyutchev. In his poem, he wrote about a red-hot ball that the Earth rolled from the "head". A picture of extraordinary beauty appears with such a description!

Periphrases in creativity

Very often, writers used the technique of creating paraphrases; we give examples from fiction in this article. Sometimes in the works of writers, this technique is difficult to separate from the euphemism.

Euphemism in Russian calls the phenomenon of substitution of one concept for another... The definition clearly indicates the need for word substitution. As a rule, discordant terms are "neutralized" in this way. For example, writers could say about a man who often blew his nose: "He kept putting his handkerchief to his face and carefully collecting the contents flowing from his nose into it." Such a text sounds more noble, doesn't it?

Examples of "correct substitutions":

• stinks - smells bad;
• he is a scoundrel - he has a complex character;
• a prostitute is a woman of easy virtue;
• the killer is the murderer;
• to rape - to deprive of honor, and others.

A.S. Pushkin has many paraphrases: “she fell asleep in eternal sleep” - she died, “morning of the year” - spring, “Romulov family” - the inhabitants of Rome.

A. Tvardovsky called the beehive - "Bee town", and his land - "sublunary world".

Popular literary paraphrases tend to turn over time into phraseological units - stable and semantic indivisible turns of speech.

Periphrases in history and advertising

It so happened that stable word forms "took root" well in history, becoming iconic and recognizable by everyone. “The Father of Nations” - I. Stalin, “Columbus of Russian Science” - M. Lomonosov, “Mirror of the Russian Revolution” - L. Tolstoy. Fiction consolidated these figurative concepts - in Soviet times, writers actively promoted socialist tropes: "the mind, honor and conscience of the era", "the leader of the proletariat" and others.

In addition to historical personalities, periphrases also indicate temporary events or the state of the political situation: the "thaw", "iron curtain", "cold war" and others. The sentence: "the iron curtain fell" is understood by everyone who lived at the time of the collapse of the USSR.

An interesting object of modern history is advertising, since it actively uses figurative artistic techniques. The purpose of advertising is to amplify the experience and encourage the purchase of a product or service. Most often, advertising uses periphrase in a figurative sense. For example, she calls a certain medical product "a motor for the stomach." The characteristics of the goods bypass the logic, work at an intuitive level, giving rise to images in the mind of the buyer corresponding to the advertising subject.

In Russian linguistics in the modern world, the concept of "text stylistics" has come to the fore. Stylistics has rightfully taken priority positions in the Russian language course in the senior classes of secondary school. It is also studied by first and second year students of higher educational institutions of linguistic and non-linguistic orientation. This is important because when analyzing a text, the student is faced with a large number of different stylistic units. And he must be able to distinguish between them.

In the texts presented for linguistic analysis, periphrastic units or paraphrases are very often encountered. This article will focus on this particular stylistic unit.

Periphrase (periphrase) is a unit of stylistics, which when translated from Greek means "I speak around". In stylistics, this term is understood as a lexically indivisible phrase of descriptive meaning. It explains in an allegorical way another phrase or word.

Examples from fiction:

The definition of paraphrase in the section of the stylistics of the Russian literary language can be formulated as follows.

A periphery is a stylistic trope, the figurative function of which is built on the principle of replacing one word with a descriptive phrase.

Kinds

In the modern stylistics of the Russian literary language, linguists distinguish various types and subspecies of paraphrases. In this article, we will adhere to the traditional approach to the classification of tropes and name the types of these stylistic units that correspond to the established approach.

Types of periphrase:

1. Figurative. This view is based on a metaphorical statement. By and large, there is no fundamental difference between this type of periphrasis and metaphor. Differences can be found only in the structure of these linguistic units. But this difference is not fundamentally important.
2. Brain teaser. In other words, these are synonymous expressions. They replace a broad concept with a specific one. It is important that this fundamentally new concrete concept should not be based on an abstract image.
3. Eliminating. This unit of stylistics is a subtype of periphrasis. It was described by the linguist Buzadzhi. He believes that this subspecies is based on replacing a specific concept with a general one using two or more words.

Domestic linguist Ilya Romanovich Galperin adheres to his own classification. He distinguishes two types of these stylistic units. In its classification, the basis is the authorship of the word or phrase.

Two types of stylistic units according to Halperin:

1. Original. In other words, these are stylistic units that belong to a specific author.
2. Traditional. These units are densely embedded in the Russian language and their meaning is understandable without context. This type can be considered a component of the phraseology of the native language.

Examples in language:

Wikipedia offers three different types of classification for periphrasis. Quite a lot of information is devoted to the use of trope in speech.

At the end of the article, in the form of a list, paraphrases that belong to famous people are listed.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Periphrase

If you go through it, you can find a lot of interesting information on the topic of the article.

Examples in advertising

Advertising is becoming an important engine in the modern multi-information world. In advertising posts and videos, paraphrase is often used.

It is important that in a commercial or on a banner trails should be used only next to the image of the object or phenomenon in question. If this rule is not observed, then the reader (viewer) simply will not understand what is at stake.

• Clean, refreshing water. (Aqua Minerale)
• This is a product for those to whom the car has become a home.
• Soak up this boredom. (Toning drink)
• Our devices will excite you. (Technique in Eldorado)
• A lost discovery. (Japanese restaurant)
• Each pine or spruce when buying a plot. (Sale)
• an off-the-shelf offer for students. (MTS services)
• Soak the eared one in milk. (Nesquik)
• Plaster-plaster hurray! (Building mixtures)
• My dream bath. (Processed cheese Hochland)
• Live not sour! (Pepsi)

Figurative periphrases

They are akin to metaphors. Figurative paraphrases are found very often in the texts of artistic and journalistic styles. Such stylistic units give the text a special expression.

• Greetings, deserted corner ...
• Where are you ..., Svoboda proud singer?
• The country of birch chintz ...
• He meets the morning of the year through a dream.
• I see the proud heads of the Caucasus before me.
• Poet ..., slave of honor.
• One of the five continents, riding on cowboys.
• Ukraine is the homeland of dumplings, huts and oxen.
• Land of the rising sun.
• The city of white nights, bridges and canals.
• The pond was bound with chains of ice.
• The city of three revolutions.

Idioms

It is customary to call an idiom in Russian, the components of which have the same meaning. Among the paraphrases there are those that have become part of phraseology.

Here are some examples of such expressions:

• North Venice.
• Flowers of life.
• Foggy Albion.
• Great worker.
• Skillful fingers.
• Throw off the yoke from your neck.
• Red warrior.
• Fascist vultures.
• Fifth Ocean.
• Worker of the fields.
• Invert your question.
• Turtle pace.
• Country of wine.
• A sea of \u200b\u200btears.
• Night light.
• Fall asleep.
• Hare soul.

Useful video

Conclusion

Thus, we can say that periphrasis is a unit of stylistics that gives imagery to speech. In the text, it allows you to make lexical substitution, thereby avoiding unnecessary repetitions. Periphrases enrich the speech of the speaker and writer, allow expressing a variety of emotions, attitudes towards a particular phenomenon. With their help, you can convey feelings.

If a person uses paraphrases in writing and speaking, then this is evidence that he has an individual style.

In contact with

Perifrase classifications

Although some researchers regard paraphrase as a type of trail, not everyone agrees with this position. According to IB Golub, only figurative paraphrases that are metaphorical in nature should be classified as paths, while non-figurative paraphrases (other authors call them "logical"), in which the direct meaning of the words that form them, is preserved, are not paths. For example, of the two periphrases denoting A.S. Pushkin - “ the sun of Russian poetry"And" a second "Eugene Onegin""- only the first is figurative.

The specified division is close to the division of the periphrase by way of education into metaphorical and metonymic. The separation criterion is the use of one or more words that make up the paraphrase in a figurative sense. Comparing two well-established periphrases - “ stationery rat"(Official) and" toiler of the sea"(Fisherman), - you can see that only the first of them refers to metaphorical ones, since the word" rat "is used in a figurative sense, while in the second both nouns are used in their main meaning.

By frequency of use periphrases can be divided into individual author's and general language, which are firmly included in the lexicon, such, for example, as “ weaker sex», « our smaller brothers», « people in white coats», « land of the rising sun», « third Rome". In some cases, one can trace the literary roots of general linguistic periphrases. So, thanks to A.S. Pushkin, such paraphrases as “ copper horsemanik "(monument to Peter I on Senate Square)," admiralty needle"(The spire of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg)," half-sovereign"(A. D. Menshikov) and others.

By the presence or absence of the word being paraphrased in the text periphrases are divided into dependent and independent. So, in the lines of A.S. Pushkin "Meanwhile, the moon floats in the azure skies, the queen of the night" paraphrases " queen of the night”Is explained by the basic word“ moon ”. Often the dependent paraphrase requires mandatory disclosure: the title of the article “ Moscow director responded to criticism in his address ”does not give an understanding of who it is about - this requires decoding the periphery in the text. Independent paraphrases that do not have such explanations require intellectual efforts and a certain outlook from the reader or listener. For example, the paraphrase used in G.R.Derzhavin's poem "My idol" art of Praxiteles"Can be correctly understood only if the reader knows that Praxitel was an ancient Greek sculptor, which means that the author means sculpture, the art of sculpting.

Application of periphrases

Periphrases in literary speech serve as a means of artistic expression. They were most commonly used in the 18th and early 19th centuries, when simple words were considered unpoetic. Thus, M. V. Lomonosov uses numerous paraphrases in his poems: “ beautiful luminary" (The sun), " thundering peruns"(Lightning)," the same names are Grandfather and Vnuk "(Ivan III and Ivan IV) and others. In the poem" In front of the saint's tomb "Alexander Pushkin never mentions the name of MI Kutuzov, but describes it in a detailed paraphrase:

Sleeps under them this lord,

This idol of the northern squads,

The venerable guardian of the sovereign country,

The subduer of all her enemies,

This rest of the glorious pack

Catherine's eagles.

A.S. Pushkin. "Before the tomb of the saint." 1831

In affective speech (oratory, colloquial), paraphrase serves to enhance the effect of the statement on the addressee: “enough tongue flutter! " (instead of "chatting"), "look what they say scammers"(Journalists).

In both artistic and business speech, periphrases avoid repetition. For example, in the text of a scientific review: “The work of I. Ivanov leaves a good impression. Young scientist managed to show ... The author of the work asserts ... ".

Since the periphrases, as a rule, concentrate on any one feature, they may contain an assessment of the designated object. So, in a journal article about animals, the word lion can be replaced with a neutral paraphrase (“ feline"), Negative (" ruthless African predator") Or positive (" lord of the savannah», « king of beasts», « majestic animal"). Thus, periphrases can carry both ameliorative (praising, positive-evaluative) and pejorative (negative-evaluative) functions. This property of periphrases is actively used in journalism, social and political speech.

In official business speech, paraphrases can be used in order to avoid direct naming of an object, event, or to make it neutral: “police stopped riots"," Upon application appropriate measures taken».

In addition, periphrases can act as a euphemism: “ make yourself look worse"(Disgrace)," ease your nose"(Blow your nose) or dysphemism:" fill belly"(Eat)," turn up the face"(Refuse).