Drip irrigation for your garden

Drip irrigation is the most efficient and economical way to water your garden, saving you time, money and water.

What is drip irrigation?

It is an efficient and economical watering method. This irrigation method gives over 90% efficiency of the water used. Unlike sprinkler irrigation methods, which are only 65-75% efficient, drip irrigation reduces leakage and evaporation. Drip irrigation delivers water very slowly to the root of the plant, just where it is needed.

Drip irrigation is used in greenhouses, nurseries and agricultural firms. Be that as it may, regular home owners can take advantage of the use and benefits of drip irrigation. As a homeowner, you can use drip irrigation for your vegetable and year-round gardens, trees, flower beds, and flowers.

The benefits of drip irrigation

Tubes with a lot of droppers, called drip lines, are placed above the ground along the plant beds. Droppers slowly let water into the soil into the root zone. As the moisture level is kept at an optimal level, the plant's growth productivity and quality are improved. Plus, drip irrigation:

Prevents disease by minimizing water contact with leaves, stems and fruits of plants.

Allows the beds between plants to be dry, improves access and reduces weed growth.

Saves time, money and water thanks to its highly efficient system.

Reduces labor costs.

Increases efficiency even on uneven surfaces.

Reduces water leakage and fertilization below the root zone.

Drip irrigation system assembly and components.

The main components of a drip system are a faucet or automatic controller, a filter, a main line, auxiliary lines, connectors and fittings, drip lines and plugs.

The main line is connected to a water source - to an external tap - and then, through an auxiliary line, to drip lines. Basically, construction lines are used if you have many watering zones. The total length of the main line and auxiliary lines should be no more than 120m.

The tap regulates the water supply to the system and can be operated either manually or automatically (if an electrical controller is connected). A pressure regulator is required if the pressure can exceed 2 bar.

Filters prevent droppers from clogging up with substances undissolved in water during a long time of use. It is best if the filter has a filter mesh of at least 120 MESH or higher. Adapters and filters are used to connect drip lines to the remainder of the system. This is important as it is the correct size to prevent leakage when pressurized water supply.

Drip lines and drippers

The drip line is a polyethylene tube with built-in drippers to be located near the plants. Drip lines and drippers come in different types and diameters depending on your needs. The length of each drip line 16 mm / 33 cm / 2.1 l / h should not exceed 50 m from the point where the water enters the tube so that the emission uniformity is 95%. You will need to reinforce the line to prevent it from moving.

Typical mistakes

The following points are provided to introduce you to some common mistakes that occur when designing and installing a drip irrigation system.

Drip line too long or too many droppers:

The Tandem drip line contains drippers that are pre-installed at the factory every 33 cm and each dripper consumes 2.1 l / h (at 1 bar pressure)

The maximum recommended length is about 50 meters on a flat surface in order to have an equal flow with 95% uniformity or a maximum of 80 meters for 90% flow uniformity, which already means that an emission difference of up to 15% is possible between the first and last dropper in the line ... Since the Tandem drip line has 4 outlets per drip chamber, this contributes to better flow and better stability against clogging.

Filtration:
Use the correct filters for your system. Select the correct filter element for your water quality and drip type. We recommend a filter with a mesh of at least 120 MESH. Never use the system without filters.
Incorrect pressure:
For the drip system to function properly, it must be supplied with the correct pressure. (BAR or ATM are the same) If you try to put too many IVs in the line, the pressure will drop below the minimum operating minimum and your system will not work. If you are using the wrong pressure regulator or not using one at all, your system will be too pressurized and will not work properly. The table below shows different flows with different pressures and relative diagram.

If this is your first time installing a drip system, we recommend trying one of the kits. Each kit contains everything you need to install a working drip system. All parts can be purchased separately for later addition to the system.
The components of the drip irrigation system are the following: controller, valves, filters (pressure regulator if pressure exceeds 2 bar), drip fittings, drip line (micro pipes) (drippers), and scissors and tweezers type tools.
... The Greentimer is a battery-powered controller with an all-in-one design that can be hung directly on a bell or other water source. This type of controller is ideal for small systems in one irrigation zone.
... The ideal working pressure for your irrigation system is 1 bar for drippers or 1.2 bar at the starting point of the water supply (If your pressure exceeds 2 bar, use a pressure regulator to reduce the high pressure)
... If you leave the 16mm PE pipe in the sun, it will be easier to work with.
... If you have a problem trying to insert the ½ ”prongs into a 16mm pipe, after placing the pipe in warm water the process becomes easier. You can also heat the tube ends using a hair dryer.
The diagram below gives a visual representation of how to assemble each type of system:
... A drip irrigation system using a bell and battery powered controller (timer), filter, 16 mm polyethylene pipe, 16 mm drip line with droppers inserted every 33 cm, produces a flow of 2.1 liters per hour at a pressure of 1 bar.


Note: When connecting your components, be sure to use the correct threads and apply some insulation to them to avoid water leakage

Place insulating tape around the threaded connection of the Greentimer controller

Wrap insulating foil around the filter thread

Connect the coupling

Screw the insulating tape around the threaded connection of the male connector

Insert the connector into the 16mm pipe, fix the connector

Unscrew the 16mm tube and cut when it reaches ground level

Connect the elbow to the other end of the 16mm tubing and then to the drip line

Connect the Tandem drip line to the knee. Install a Tandem drip line along your plant line

Use a T-joint to follow the contour of your plants

Close the end of the drip line by bending the tubing and installing the double clamp

Planning your system

Start by making a sketch of the area you want to water. Make sure to include locations for trees, bushes, vegetables, and natural shelter. Prepare a list of your plants by category, i.e. natural shelters, bushes and trees. Based on plant size, category and density, you will be able to determine the required drip flow rate. Show on paper the location of the site's water resources, obstructing walls and paved areas. This will require measuring the area you wish to water.
Planning for future use
In any project you create, leave room for future expansion. As plants mature, they may require more water. Watering times can be extended to meet this need, but generally more drip lines need to be added to ensure growing plants. In addition, new plants can be added to the landscape, so leave room in the overall project with a 20-30% increase in available water capacity.
Setting up your system
Installing a drip irrigation system is a fairly simple process. Start by comparing your plan to the real landscape and make any necessary adjustments to your plan to reflect the actual conditions at the site. Begin installation and assembly at the water source. If the drip system is serving more than one zone, then by adding valves to each drip branch tube, you achieve control of each zone. If you choose to automate your system, your controller should be the first component in your build.
Installation of drip lines
Install drip lines using fittings as needed. Don't lay the lines too tightly; leave room for expansion and contraction due to changing weather conditions. Allow larger plants to receive more water by adding more drippers (more drip line meters). You can draw a line around the tree to accommodate more drippers.
First start of the system
Before turning on the system for the first time, leave all ends of the drip lines open, turn on the water supply and allow it to flow freely for a few minutes. This will flush out any dirt that may be inside the line. Close the ends of the drip line using plugs. Make sure the drippers are working properly and there is no water leakage at the connection points.
Service
... Examine the droppers to make sure they are not clogged.
... Filters should be rinsed and cleaned at least once a month, depending on the quality of the water. By checking the filters one week after installation, you will get an idea of \u200b\u200bhow often to schedule filter cleaning.
... It is also necessary to periodically flush the line tubes; again, water quality will be the deciding factor in determining the frequency of flushing.
... During cold weather, we recommend draining the water from polyethylene pipes or rolling them up and putting them in storage.
... During cold weather, we recommend removing the battery-powered controller and, having completed a complete disassembly of the equipment (filters, valves), put them in storage indoors.
... Once a year, remove plugs or open hose ends to flush the line.
... As the plants grow, you may need to add, change, or remove drip lines.
For better watering control, you should know:
Determination of soil type
When water is slowly applied to the root zone at one point, it is subject to gravity (downward movement) and capillary action (outward movement), creating a characteristic of wetted soil type and irrigation rate. To determine what type of soil you have in your area, take a handful of dry soil, squeeze lightly and release. Sandy (rough) soil will crumble and disintegrate. Loam (medium density) will stick together but can be easily broken. The clay is pressed without breaking.

Each type of soil will require a separate layout. On sandy soil, water tends to seep down, so we recommend using closely spaced or large volume drippers. In loam, the water will move slowly and spread evenly, so you can use fewer drippers with more distance between them.
Tandem drip line with outlets on both sides of the drip chamber provide faster flow and better distribution of irrigation water.

The relationship between soil and water
Capillary moisture is water held in pores by surface tension between the water and soil particles. Capillary moisture is the primary force that distributes water horizontally and is the primary source of water for the plant.
Gravity water is free water in the soil that flows downward under the influence of gravity. After the soil is saturated with water, gravity water seeps down, leaving the soil at the field capacity

EXAMPLE OF GOOD IRRIGATION UNIFORM

WASTE WATER

Field moisture capacity is a method of measuring the volume of water retained in the soil despite the action of gravity. If the soil is saturated with rain or watering and then dries freely within 24 hours, the soil is usually at the field water capacity.

For most plants, soil moisture content at the field moisture capacity is the ideal moisture level for vegetative growth because there is a good balance between soil moisture saturation and weathering. The soil will lose a small amount of water after it dries out to field capacity if there are no plants on it. Plants will remove water through transpiration and reduce moisture in the soil. On hot days, plants can use water faster than the soil can supply the roots, or faster than the roots can supply water to the rest of the plants, and the plant will wither. Usually, with sufficient moisture in the soil (which you can maintain with your irrigation system), the plant will recover overnight.
The point of persistent wilting is the moisture content of the soil at which the plant wilts and remains wilted.

Calculation of the total volume of consumption
To determine the total flow rate in the area of \u200b\u200bthe drip system, simply add the total number of drippers and their flow rate.
Example: You have designed a system using a 50 meter Tandem drip line, with drippers located every 33 cm and flowing at 2.1 liters per piece (on each dripper). 50 m divided by 0.33 m \u003d 152 droppers multiplied by 318 liters per hour.
When in doubt about the capacity of your water source, measure how long it takes to fill a bucket of known volume. For example, it takes 20 seconds to fill a 5 liter bucket, then the maximum water flow per hour is 5 liters multiplied by 3 \u003d 15 liters per minute x 60 minutes \u003d 900 liters of water per hour. If the system requires more water, split the system by adding another valve. The maximum recommended flow rate for a 16 mm drip line is 800-900 liters.

SteleCables
Engineer
Irritec S.p.A

Drip irrigation and watering timers: what is it and where and why to use it?

Drip irrigation - this is the most perfect way of watering plants in the beds in small doses, while:

• 🏜️ without eroding the soil, without creating soil erosion
• 🌿 without feeding the weeds with moisture, water is supplied only to the grown plant
• 💦 saving water
• 🌊 without creating an excess of moisture
• 💪 saving your arms, shoulders, back - after all, you no need to carry watering cans

What is drip irrigation and its automation in simple words

• take a barrel of water
• place it above 80 cm above ground level
• connect a timer to it (in order to water not all day, but on a schedule)
• and to the timer - a special hose for drip irrigation
• run this hose between your plants
• pierce the hose near the plant sprouts, lay down to the plant and insert the dropper.

and that's it!

You just have to add water to the barrel ( better pump) and weed.

Where did drip irrigation come from and the scope of its use:

Drip irrigation in the modern world is considered an invention of Israeli farmers who still manage to supply vegetables and fruits from their arid greenhouses around the world (including Russia). Although, the type of watering appeared much earlier, just a sample modern work Israeli specialists have become a role model for many other manufacturers.

The essence of the simple operation of drip irrigation is described above, but it is important to understand that its application is so universal that it is suitable for the entire garden: from watering strawberries to open ground to greenhouse plantings.

Optionally:

★ All from one barrel.
★ "By itself".
★ With a set interval.
★ C control, soil and whether it rained.

Price and types of irrigation systems

By water supply source:

• drip - from the water source (under pressure, "passive system": from the barrel by gravity) through the main hose with outlets to the plants through the "droppers"

Assembly diagram of drip irrigation "Beetle" (below)

1. Water tank
2. Hose-level hanger
3. Transparent hose - level
4. 1/2 ”fitting
5. Supply hose
6. Dropper
7. Plug for main hose
8. Large tee (for main hose)
9. Main hose 1/2 ”
10. Barrel fitting
11. Fine filter
12. Elbow for main hose
13. Small tee (for supply hose)
14. Clamp for main hose
15. Awl for the main hose

Drip irrigation kits prices

Please note that for starters, the price depends on the length of the main hose and the number of bends with droppers: from 10 to 18 m (for 30 or 60 plants).

Such sets cost from 1000 to 2000 rubles. There are also additional kits to expand the standard configuration, for example, "AquaDusya +12".

Drip irrigation set Beetle for 30 plants per container

set for drip irrigation "Greenhouse" for 30 plants (1 bed of 6 meters) in a box.

Buy

1 130

designed to expand standard irrigation kits

Buy

everything you need to organize non-automatic irrigation of 60 plants

Buy

1 800

And when and how does the automatic irrigation switch on and the options for its application?

Yes, what matters is WHEN to start watering. It's not for you to walk with a watering can or a hose for irrigation, but just after a few days of absence from the country, come and see that all plants and trees are watered.

First you need to solve a few simple calculations:

• how many zones for irrigation in your summer cottage do you choose
  Example: you have 2 beds of 6 meters each, 1 greenhouse with 2 beds of 6 meters, a lawn for watering, 2 fruit trees for watering. So you have 4-5 irrigation zones
• how much moisture is needed for irrigation
  With "gravity" from the barrel (and this, depending on the height of the barrel with water above the ground, can be from 0.5 to 2 atm) with drip irrigation per 1 dropper (per plant) for 80 minutes. on average 2-3 liters of water are consumed. Depending on what kind of plants you have and the given mode of watering them, the choice of how much water for irrigation will depend on.

For example, in accordance with GOST, the watering rate is 3-6 liters, depending on the soil, and on a hot day - 10 liters per 1 sq.

DETAILS
Question : What height to choose for the installation of the "gravity" barrel?
Answer: In most cases, for a 200-250 liter barrel, a lifting height of 80 cm to 1.5 m above the height of the irrigated area is sufficient.

• decide on a watering timer

IT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW :
such irrigation automatics are divided into " timers "and" programmers ", although most often referred to as" watering timers ".

The difference is that the timers simply "set the cycle", most often they set the watering interval by day for a week (eg 2 days in hours) and with the duration of watering (eg 60 minutes). AND programmers (controllers) are able to set both interval and duration up to date and time.

What are the watering timer

1. there is watering timers that are simply included in the kit drip irrigation kit. For example, in sets of drip irrigation BEETLE for 30 and 60 plants.

1. there is separate timers, for example, the famous Israeli brand Green Helper and the Russian brand Termovent (both brands are made in China)

1. there is watering timers and programmers, which include many useful functions (sometimes included, and sometimes additionally connected): rain sensors (soil moisture), several service areas for irrigation, built-in pumps, more than 10 programs for irrigation, etc.

Green Helper Automatic Drip Irrigation Set GA-010

Watering frequency from 1 time per month to 10 times per day. Watering time from 1 to 99 seconds

Buy

Many owners spend a huge amount of time watering, while using more water than the plants need. It is especially problematic to irrigate regularly far from home and fields.

It was for such purposes that a special timer watering, which we will talk about in this article. Let's figure out how the device works, what it is used for, whether the price really matches the benefit.

What is it and how does it work?

Let's start with what the automatic watering timer is.

The design can be of different shapes, but most often it resembles a water meter that everyone has in a private house or apartment. The device is intended both for supplying water for irrigation for a certain time, which is set by a timer, and for programming irrigation for each day of the week.

At the same time, the program is not limited by anything, and if you understand the action system, then you can program a separate watering option for each day, while setting a different time and duration.
That is, we have before us an apparatus that allows remote irrigation according to the program you have set. The device works on batteries, which are protected from moisture. Thus, the timer does not depend on the presence of the mains supply, therefore it can be used even in an open field.

Important! The set programs are retained when the batteries are changed.

The timer works as a shut-off valve, which is connected on one side to the pipe to which water is supplied, and on the other side a regular irrigation hose is attached. The design provides for a nozzle for the garden hose, so you don't need to buy anything extra. At the moment when it is necessary to produce, the device opens a valve, like a ball valve, and water is supplied to irrigate the site.

It is worth noting that not all watering timers have software that will allow you to program actions, so be sure to check the capabilities of the device when purchasing. Also note that the watering timer, although it has a similar shape, does not function as a water meter.

Device types

Mechanical

A mechanical timer has a clock device that was used in the first microwave ovens or mechanical watches. The watch device works on a spring and can provide continuous watering for up to one day. In this case, any adjustments are made manually. Such devices lack a dial or screen, as well as the ability to program actions.
A mechanical timer is great for backyards where irrigation is constantly monitored by the owner. In this case, the unit allows water to be supplied for a fixed amount of time, after which the mechanism is triggered and the tap shuts off the water supply.

Did you know? The first prototype of a timer and stopwatch was invented back in 1720. The device could record time intervals with an accuracy of 1/16 of a second.

Electronic

The electronic version, as you might guess, has an additional programming function that allows you to spend more time doing other things than watering the vegetation. These options are best suited for areas far from home. Since some crops require daily watering, the purchase of such a timer will pay off almost instantly, given the cost of gasoline and the time required.
The electronic version has two varieties, which we will characterize further.

The electronic watering timer allows you to set actions for one week, while the maximum watering duration is 2 hours. All tasks are set in advance by a person, after which the system works according to a given scenario.

Such devices have an average price and fairly good functionality that allows remote irrigation.

The most advanced version, which has up to 16 programs. Any watering action is set. You can also irrigate different plants from one timer, while setting a specific watering time for each.

To make it easier to understand what the difference is, let's compare the cheapest microwave and microwave oven with all possible "bells and whistles." Yes, each of them can reheat or cook food, but the more expensive option gives you more choice that allows you to cook absolutely any dish using only a microwave oven, which will replace the oven, grill, gas oven and even.

So it is with electronic timers with software control. They allow you to irrigate all crops at once, using at the same time for each of them its own time and its own volume of water. Such a system works without any human intervention.

Did you know? The first electronic watch appeared in 1971. They were equipped with digital LED indication.

Selection rules

To begin with, it is worth deciding what exactly you need, since the functionality of the device and, of course, its price will depend on this.

If you are reading this article, it means that you are interested in this device, or there is a need for such a sensor. Therefore, it is worth considering all the options, as well as explaining their usefulness in one case or another.

• Mechanical option. If you do not want to stand for a "full hour" with a hose in your hands on your garden plot, and also remember the exact watering time, then it is enough to purchase the simplest version that works on a spring. You will get a device that does not require electricity, does not deteriorate from moisture or sun exposure, and is also low cost.
• Electronic version with mechanical control. Such a device is installed at a site remote from home and is designed to irrigate one crop, since you can programmatically set any time for any day of the week. Of course, such a device is more expensive, but it suits perfectly for irrigating large fields, since its functionality is quite enough. It makes no sense to install such a device on a personal plot, because the main advantage of the device is remote work, which saves you time.
• Electronic version with software control. Such a device is usually placed in greenhouses, where not only the irrigation schedule is important, but also the air humidity. The presence of sensors allows you to control the humidity of the air, as well as set the ideal program for each crop.

Important! If the device runs on batteries, then, on average, they will be enough for 1500 on / off switching.

It makes no sense to use the most advanced option in open fields, since the entire functionality of the device will not be revealed. And given the cost of the device, its loss or breakdown can hit your pocket hard. After all, it is worth understanding that the more electronic filling in a device, the more vulnerable it is to external factors.

Now it's worth talking about which device to take for the plumbing system, and which watering timer to choose for gravity systems.

To begin with, these timers differ in the mechanism for opening and closing the water supply. In one case a solenoid valve is used and in the other a ball valve is used. The solenoid valve opens only at a pressure of at least 0.2 atmospheres. Used for centralized water supply, as it can withstand high pressure. Also, a similar valve protects against air supply during the time when the water is turned off.

It is used for gravity systems, that is, for irrigation from any container (barrel). This option is better suited for watering greenhouses and greenhouses, since a fixed amount of water is used. Ideal for drip irrigation systems. Works at pressures from 0 to 6 atmospheres.

Number of valves. Above, we wrote that advanced timers allow you to set the watering scenario for different crops. In order to do this, you need to purchase a device with multiple valves. At the same time, a separate time and duration of watering for each plant is programmatically set. It is useful to use multiple valves in a greenhouse, as it is important to maintain a constant microclimate in order to get a good harvest.
It is worth noting that several valves can be installed on the simplest mechanisms, however, due to this, their functionality does not increase. You simply cannot make it so that, for example, a mechanical timer watered first one crop and then another, since all actions are set manually.

Additional features. A rain sensor, an additional filter and a mini pump can be connected to the electronic versions.

The rain sensor, as you already understood, is used so that our timer does not flood the area at the moment when it's raining... An additional filter is used only for drip irrigation to avoid blockages in the system. A mini-pump is needed when water is supplied from a tank, and the pressure is 0 atmospheres.

How to connect and use the device

After connecting, we begin to understand the principle of operation. The simplest timers are enough to "wind" like a clock, after which the water supply will begin. Complex options have multitasking, which requires a complete study of the instructions.

Assembling the device

After opening the original packaging, read the instructions carefully. Also pay attention to which way the water supply arrows point. If you ignore this aspect, then you will mount the device in reverse.
After reading the instructions, in which the installation principle is detailed, we proceed to connecting to the system. Start by comparing the inlet pipe diameter. Most likely, you will need to separately purchase an adapter that will allow you to connect a hose of any diameter to the device.

After you have picked up everything you need, you need to connect the pipe to the inlet. To do this, remove the protective ring, put the pipe on the "nose" and twist the ring, which should fix it. Next, we look at the outlet diameter. Most often, there is a special nozzle on the timers, which is used to connect the watering hoses. If the diameter fits, then we simply put the hose on, if not, we buy the nozzle of the required diameter. After connecting the hose to the outlet, the installation of the simple timer is complete. To mount advanced drip irrigation devices, additional steps are required, which can also be described in the instructions. Additional adapters, bushings or tees may be required depending on the irrigation system you are using.

Timer setting

After connecting the device to the system, you need to insert the batteries or connect to the network (some timers only support connecting to the mains). Next, the dial will light up, under which the buttons are located. Most devices have two buttons that allow you to increase or decrease a numerical value, a button that sets the day or month, as well as on / off buttons for the device. There is a "Start" button that launches an algorithm of actions.

Depending on the configuration and manufacturer, the number of buttons and the actions for which they are responsible may differ, so we have provided general data.

To set the timer, you need to enable it. Next, set the current correct time by which the device will navigate. Next, you need to create a script for each day. To do this, select the day, after which we set the watering time first, and then its duration. After that, we switch to other days. If you have an advanced version, then it gives you the opportunity to create a script for a whole year. This opportunity is perfect for.

After complete configuration, you need to press the "Enable" or "Start" button, and the unit will start sequentially executing the script.

Important! Electronic timers have no initial settings, so everything is manually programmed for personal needs.

Features of operation

Now let's talk about how to properly operate the device so that it lasts longer.

To begin with, you should only use high quality batteries if you have an electronic device. In this case, the batteries must be 1.5 v, or a different voltage, if described in the instructions.
As for the water supplied to the device, it must be clean and fresh. Any heavy particles will clog the filter and require frequent cleaning. At the same time, the quality and power of the water supply will be reduced significantly. Also remember that the temperature of the water that passes through the device should not be higher than +40 ° C.

Today, to facilitate the care of plants, various irrigation systems are used, they make it possible to control the amount of water for each type of plant, apply drip irrigation or sprinklers. Water is saved, the most favorable conditions for development are created for plants. The only drawback of such systems is the need for constant monitoring, switching on / off is done manually. This is a rather unpleasant activity, the duration of watering, depending on the type of plants, climatic conditions and the specific system, can be up to two hours. In order to solve this problem, you should install a watering timer for gravity systems.

First, you need to explain the concept of "gravity systems", otherwise in some sources you can find funny explanations of the principles of their operation and a complete lack of understanding of hydrodynamics.

Automatic systems for watering the garden - diagram

There are experts who claim that irrigation timers for gravity systems are so good that they can work with water pressures from 0 to 6 atmospheres. They will work at zero pressure, only nothing will be watered. Gravity is not a physical concept, but a purely everyday one. And it means not the absence of pressure, but the absence of constantly operating water pumps. In gravity systems, the pump supplies water only to the storage tank, which is located at some distance from the ground. Due to the height difference between the upper level of the water and the place of its exit, pressure is created, it is this pressure that makes the water flow move.

Why are timers used in most cases for gravity systems? Because they cannot work at high pressures, their closing valves are too fragile and their drive mechanism is weak. For most devices, the maximum water pressure cannot exceed 0.5 atm., For such a pressure, a container with water should be at a distance of five meters from the earth's surface. The vast majority of irrigation systems have storage tanks located much lower.

Timer types

Three types of timers are currently available for purchase:

• mechanical. The simplest are semi-automatic control systems. Switching on is performed manually, switches off automatically after a specified period of time (up to 120 minutes). Does not require power supplies, the closing valve is spring operated. The advantages are low cost and high reliability. Disadvantages - you cannot do without the presence of people during switching on;

  

• electronic with mechanical control. Watering modes are fully automated, the watering schedule can be adjusted for a seven-day period, the duration of watering is up to 120 minutes. The advantages are relatively low cost, ease of programming and management. Disadvantages - inability to connect additional equipment;

  

• electronic with programmed control. The most modern devices have the ability to install up to 16 special functions. Disadvantages - high cost. In addition, it can be difficult for untrained users to install programs.

  

Mechanical timers are rarely used, most often irrigation systems are controlled by one of the types of electronic devices. The water supply is regulated by a solenoid (electromagnetic) valve or a ball valve.

Timer for watering on 2 lines, mechanical "Expert Garden"

1. Solenoid valve. At a certain time, power is supplied to the electromagnetic coil, under the action of the electromagnetic field, the core is drawn into the solenoid and blocks the water flow. If the power supply is interrupted, the core is pushed up by the spring and the pipe opening opens. In timers, the principle of operation can be reversed - without tension, the valve is closed by a spring, and when a strong magnetic field occurs, it opens. Due to this principle of operation, battery power is saved. The operation of the solenoid valve can be distinguished by a characteristic click during opening / closing.
2. Ball valve. Opening / closing is performed by a gearbox driven by an electric motor. To save power, it is also constantly in the closed position, it opens only for the period when the system is turned on for irrigation. During the operation of the timer with the ball valve, a brief noise of the electric motor and gearbox is heard.

Important. As soon as there are risks of frost, the timer should be turned off. Why? During start-up, large currents appear in the stator windings, as soon as the rotor starts to rotate, the current drops to operating conditions. During frosts, the ball valve may freeze a little, the power of the electric motor is not enough to break it off. This means that inrush currents will flow through the windings for a long time, which will inevitably lead to their overheating and short circuit. And the gearbox itself is not designed for significant efforts, the drive gears may fail. Such malfunctions require complex repairs or complete replacement of the device.

Mechanical electronic timers (tumbler type)

Very easy to operate, reliable and durable devices. To select the operating modes of the irrigation system, you must perform the following steps:

• unscrew the top transparent plastic cover... You need to work carefully, do not lose the sealing gasket, it may fall out;
• use the left toggle switch to set the frequency of turning on the system, the maximum period is 72 hours;
• with the right toggle switch, set a specific watering duration, maximum 120 minutes.

Important. The initial countdown time of the electronic device starts from the time the timer is turned on. This means that if, for example, you want watering to be switched on periodically at five o'clock in the morning, then the first timer setting must be done at the same time. In the future, the time for turning on the irrigation system will not change.

Manufacturers complete with a timer implement a complete set of fittings for connecting plastic pipes or flexible hoses of various diameters. The timer is powered by two AAA 1.5 V AA batteries.

Watering timer - photo

Electronic timers with software control

More modern devices have significantly advanced functions. The delivery set includes adapters for connecting pipelines and flexible hoses of various diameters. Setting up software control runs like this:

• remove the plastic cover. It is twisted quite tightly at the manufacturing plant; considerable efforts will have to be made;
• press the Time button, the program installation parameters will appear on the electronic board. Set the current time and day of the week, the action must be confirmed by pressing the Set button;
• in turn, go to each day of the week, select the time and duration of the electronic timer. These parameters will be saved for the entire period of use;
• if desired, the device can be configured up to 16 different programs. To do this, press the Prog button and then set the required number of programs. All entered data must be confirmed by pressing the Set button.

A fairly large capacitor is installed inside the device. It is designed to signal a critical discharge of batteries and switch the timer to autonomous power mode. When the battery power is low, a warning signal will appear on the display. From the time of its appearance, the batteries can still work for 2-3 days, depending on the frequency and duration of the irrigation system.

In fully autonomous mode, the condenser can provide a timer for 3-4 days. If the batteries are not replaced during this time, the timer will be canceled. After that, all previously set watering modes will be erased from memory, you will have to repeat the installation steps from the very beginning.

In standby mode, the timer consumes no more than 1.2 mA, during operation, the current consumption increases to 350 mA. These are very small values, allowing the device to operate on batteries alone for at least a season. Manufacturers deliberately left this time, during the period of the annual routine inspection of the irrigation system before starting it is recommended to install new batteries.

There are models of timers designed to work on large and complex irrigation systems. They have several valves, which allows you to control the irrigation modes of several separate zones, for each of them its own parameters are set. Multi-valve devices can be connected to a voltage of 220 V or have up to eight AAA 1.5 V batteries.

What data should be taken into account when configuring sensors

The conditions for growing plants largely depend on the correct setting of the timer program. What should be considered?

Breakdown of the irrigation area into separate zones, taking into account the types of crops. Each of them has its own requirements, in some cases you will have to buy multi-valve timers.

Hydraulic calculation based on maximum water consumption. Timers should take into account the total storage capacity. If there is no automatic pumping, then you need to independently control the presence of water and, if necessary, fill the containers.

Analysis of the trace of the laying of irrigation systems. Large differences in the height of individual irrigation lines can have a significant impact on their productivity. When setting up, you should keep in mind not only the watering time, but also the amount of water that is supplied to the plants during this time.

After completing the installation of the timer, it is recommended to check the system performance. For this, the minimum activation periods are set, the correct operation of the valve drives is checked. If the timer is in normal mode, you can start specific programming and put the system into automatic mode of operation.

The process of installing the timer program will be much easier if you purchase additional sensors with it.

Additional timer features

Electronic timers for sensor-assisted irrigation can perform several additional functions, making it even easier to grow crops in greenhouses or outdoors.

1. Rain sensor. Such equipment is used during the installation of irrigation in open areas. The rain sensor sends a signal to the electronic device that natural precipitation is present. The timer responds to these signals and skips one watering, which coincides with the rain period. The sensor is adjustable in the rainfall range from 3 mm to 25 mm. This wide range allows you to more accurately adjust the irrigation rates based on weather conditions. The presence of the fast recall function allows you to stop irrigation in the shortest possible time after the start of rain, the devices do not require additional maintenance. Depending on the settings of the ventilation ring, a delay is set for returning the dacha to standby mode. The return time to its original position is directly dependent on the humidity and ambient temperature. This allows significant water savings to be achieved.
2. Diaphragm pump. It can be mounted in a joint with a timer or in a separate case, monitors the water level in storage tanks. When the amount of water drops below the critical level, the pump is automatically turned on to replenish the reserves. After filling the tanks, the pump turns off.
3. Radio channel soil moisture sensor. The most modern device, greatly facilitates the care of plants. Installed in several places on the beds, it blocks the timer command for watering in case of high soil moisture. The most modern devices increase crop yields by at least 10%.
4. Water purification filter. Performs high-quality water purification, significantly increases the timer operation time.

Additional monitoring and control devices can be purchased together with the watering timer or separately.

Video - Watering Timers for Gravity Systems

One of the conditions for the full growth and development of plants is timely watering. But not always, due to the employment of the owners and the remoteness of the site from the city, it is possible to provide it. Setting a timer will help to solve the problem of creating optimal conditions in compliance with the humidity regime. This device will not only simplify the care of green "pets", but also have a beneficial effect on the quality of the crop. The device you need on the farm can be purchased at a gardening store, or you can make a watering timer yourself. How to choose the best option models or make a simple device on our own we will consider in the article.

The Water Timer is a single or multi-channel shut-off mechanism that controls the water pump. It opens at regular intervals, allowing water to flow into the irrigation system.

Drip irrigation systems provide an opportunity for several days or even weeks not to appear on the site, without worrying about your seedlings

The automatic watering timer in one fell swoop solves a lot of tasks:

• Provides watering at a given intensity and frequency;
• Prevents waterlogging of the soil and decay of roots due to measured and slow water supply;
• By supplying water under the roots of garden crops, it solves the issue of sunburn of leaves and minimizes the risk of their disease;
• By providing localized irrigation, it helps address the weed issue.

For ease of maintenance, water supply timers are placed together with other equipment in plastic boxes installed underground.

In order to be able to quickly access devices, such boxes are equipped with a removable hatch or a tightly closing lid.

According to the counting principle, timers are divided into single-action devices (with a single actuation) and multiple (when they are triggered several times with pre-set shutter speeds).

Depending on the type of mechanism used, the timer is:

• Electronic - the control unit of the device includes electronic accessories that determine the response time and opening of the solenoid valve. The indisputable advantage of this type of device is a wide range of response times, which can vary from 30 seconds to one week. The irrigation mode can be adjusted both locally and remotely.
• Mechanical - is a control unit equipped with a spiral spring and a mechanical valve. Works on the principle of a mechanical watch. One winding cycle of the spring block is able to provide continuous operation of the mechanism for up to 24 hours, opening the valve at a user-specified response period. Watering mode is only manually adjusted.

Both devices are multi-channel designs. The mechanical irrigation timer is simple in design and lacks power supply wires. This significantly reduces the cost of the device.

A mechanical timer, in comparison with an electronic analogue, has a more limited duration of a given cycle

In the mechanical timer, it is enough to set the watering cycle by selecting the interval. With an electronic model, it is somewhat more complicated: first you need to set the date and time, and only after that choose the program that is optimal for the grown crop.

Many have noticed that in the water supply systems of suburban settlements in the daytime, due to intensive water intake, the pressure decreases. By setting the automatic watering timer, you can schedule evening and night time irrigation.

Depending on the modification of the device, the timers can have an internal or external "normal" pipe thread, and are also equipped with quick-release hose connectors or quick-connect connectors with an irrigation system.

The most expensive models have additional functions, for example, moisture determination, depending on the indicator of which irrigation is automatically reduced or extended.

Water Timer Manufacturing Options

When planning to equip an automatic irrigation system on the site, it is convenient to use water timers to control taps. With their help, the water supply system can be made absolutely non-volatile, avoiding the use of any electronics.

Construction # 1 - timer with drip-wick

The fibers of the wick, being saturated with moisture, lift it up to a certain height, preventing the water from quickly evaporating. If you throw the wick over the side of the container, then the absorbed water will simply drip from the free end.

This method is based on physical laws that create a capillary effect. It occurs when a fabric wick is lowered into a container of water

The moisture throughput can be adjusted by adjusting the thickness of the wick, the tightness of the twist of the threads and pinching them with a wire loop.

To equip the timer in a container with low sides, the height of which does not exceed 5-8 cm, set five or ten-liter plastic bottle... One of the key conditions for the operation of the system is to maintain the liquid level in the tank at a constant height. The optimal ratio of capacities is easiest to determine experimentally.

The determining factor in his work is the water column. Therefore, the height of the bottle and the depth of the wide container are interrelated things.

A small hole is made in the bottom of the bottle for water to flow out. The bottle is filled with water, temporarily covering the drain hole, and sealed with a lid. The filled bottle is placed in a trough. Water seeping through the bottom will gradually flow out, stopping at a level when the hole does not hide under the thickness. As the water is consumed, the water flowing out of the bottle will replace the losses.

The wick itself is easiest to make from a rope of suitable thickness or a bundle twisted from a piece of fabric. It is placed in a container, correctly distributing the ends

The main advantage of such a timer is that due to the same water level in a wide container in case of rain, the replenishment of moisture loss from the bottle will be suspended.

Craftsmen who have already tested such a device in practice claim that a five-liter bottle with a flow rate of 1 drop / 2 seconds is enough for 20 hours of uninterrupted operation. By choosing optimal size bottle that acts as a water column, and by adjusting the intensity of the droplet, you can achieve the effect of many-day delays.

Construction # 2 - Ball Valve Regulating Device

In the water timer, the response time is driven by the drop. The water flowing out of the ballast tank reduces the weight of the structure. At a certain moment, the weight of the container is no longer enough to hold the handle of the shut-off valve, and the water supply starts.

To equip a water timer you will need:

• Barrel for water;
• Ball valve;
• Two plywood or metal circles;
• Canisters or 5 liter plastic bottles;
• Construction glue;
• Spool of sewing thread.

For the smooth functioning of the system, it is advisable to modify the ball valve by attaching a small pulley - rocker arm to the handle fixed by means of a screw. This will allow the valve to be moved from closed to open by changing the angle of the handle.

The pulley is constructed from two identical plywood circles, gluing them together with planes with construction glue, or metal, connecting them with bolts. A strong cord is wound on the pulley, making several turns around it for reliability. When constructing a lever, the cord pieces are firmly fixed at its edges. A weight-ballast and a container with water that compensates for its weight are tied to the free ends of the cord from opposite sides. The weight of the load must be such that, under its weight, the crane comes into a lever state.

It is convenient to use five-liter plastic bottles as cargo ballast and a container with water that compensates for its weight.

The easiest way to adjust the weight of containers is by pouring sand into one of them and pouring water into the other. The role of a weighting agent can also be played by metal chips or lead shot.

The container with water will serve as a timer. To do this, a tiny hole is made in its bottom with a thin needle, through which water will seep out drop by drop. The flow time will depend on the volume of the bottle itself and the size of the hole. It can range from a few hours to three to four days.

To power the device, the irrigation container is placed on a flat surface and filled with water. The bottles, suspended by the ends of the cord from the pulley, are also filled: one with sand, the other with water. If the weight of the filled bottles is equal, the tap is closed.

As the water is scooped up, the container loses weight. At a certain moment, the ballast weight, outweighing the partially emptied bottle, turns the tap to the "open" position, thereby starting watering

There are situations when it is necessary to get the full opening of the tap, bypassing intermediate positions - the so-called toggle switch effect. In these cases, a little trick will help: in the closed position of the crane, the edge of the thread is attached to the weight, which will act as a safety device, and its free end is fixed to the crane. When the mechanism is closed, the thread will not experience any stress. As the container with water is emptied, the load will outweigh, but the safety thread will take on the excess weight, not allowing the ballast to move the valve to the "open" position. The thread will break only with a significant overweight of the load, instantly switching the tap and providing free passage of water.

To bring the system to its original state, it is enough to simply remove the load or fix it in a suspended state by removing the tension on the cord.

The system is ready for operation, it remains only to fill the watering barrel and timer with water before leaving and hang the ballast, securing it with a thin thread. Such a device is easy to manufacture and easy to maintain. Its only drawback can be considered a single actuation.

Other ideas for creating mechanical timers can be found in the thematic forms. For example, some craftsmen use a cylindrical plunger with polyethylene granules in oil as a working body of a timer. The device is adjusted so that when the temperature drops at night, the displacer is retracted, and the weakened spring opens the valve. A diaphragm is used to limit the flow of water. In the daytime, the polyethylene granules warmed up by the sun's rays increase in size, pushing the plunger back to its original position and thereby shutting off the water supply.

Construction # 3 - electronic timer

Craftsmen with basic knowledge of electronics can build a simple model of an electronic timer. The manufacturing guide for the device is presented in the video clip: